The Effects of Historical Reading and Writing Strategy Instruction with Fourth- through Sixth-Grade Students

American Psychological Association. Journals Department, 750 First Street NE, Washington, DC 20002. Tel: 800-374-2721; Tel: 202-336-5510; Fax: 202-336-5502; e-mail: [email protected]; Web site: http://www.apa.org

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19

Grade 4; Grade 5; Grade 6; Reading Instruction; Writing Instruction; Reading Strategies; Writing Strategies; Cognitive Processes; Teaching Methods; Conventional Instruction; Essays; Writing Skills; Persuasive Discourse; Students with Disabilities; Reading Skills; Instructional Effectiveness; History; Knowledge Level; Reading Comprehension

10.1037/edu0000463

0022-0663

In this quasi-experimental study, 608 fourth-, fifth-, and sixth-grade students explored 5 historical investigations. In the experimental condition, teachers used a cognitive apprenticeship model to teach students historical reading and writing strategies. Comparison teachers used the same materials to deliver a business-as-usual form of instruction. Random assignment was at the individual level for fourth and fifth graders and at the classroom level for sixth graders. After controlling for gender, ethnicity, and pretest scores, the findings indicated that experimental students outperformed their peers in control classrooms on measures of essay length (ES = 0.25), holistic writing quality (ES = 0.59), and argumentative historical writing (ES = 0.67). Differences in students' argumentative historical writing remained after six weeks (ES = 0.71). Finally, students with disabilities as well as those who did not meet annual reading proficiency benchmarks on state-administered assessments all benefited from experimental instruction. These results suggest that with appropriate supports and the opportunity to engage in meaningful historical content, students in fourth through sixth grade can analyze primary and secondary source documents and write evidence-based historical arguments.

As Provided

2021

EJ1280991