世界貿易史における「長期の19世紀」. (Japanese)

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    • Alternate Title:
      Patterns and development of world trade in the "long nineteenth century". (English)
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    • Abstract:
      This paper discusses patterns and development of world trade from the end of the eighteenth century to the outbreak of World War I. It reconstructs the total value of world export trade in 1840 using statistics in British Parliamentary Papers and existing literature, and argues that current statistical knowledge captures both long-distance trade and intra-European trade, but misses most of intra-regional (especially intra-Asian) trade. The paper compares this observation with the 1910 data, and suggests that growth of world trade in the long nineteenth century entailed a shift in the centre of industrial production from Asia to Europe, and the subsequent reorganisation of Asian economies under a "forced free trade" regime. While parts of the non-European world became satellites of the world economy, the decline of traditional industries in Asia was accompanied by the resurgence of intra-Asian trade, allowing Asia to emerge as a region with its own international division of labour. Low tariff rates in Asia often meant a faster per capita growth of trade than in the industrializing countries of Continental Europe and the United States with protectionist tendencies. As a result, the regional composition of world trade remained stable, in spite of the fact that it was driven by the West-centred industrialization and long-distance trade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
    • Abstract:
      本稿の課題は「長期の19世紀」における世界貿易の趨勢と構造を検討することである。まず,1840年の世界貿易額を推計し,それをGDP,工業生産などの関連指標とつきあわせることによって,従来の統計では遠隔地貿易とヨーロッパの地域交易だけが世界貿易額に算入され,アジアなどの他地域に存在した地域交易が考慮されてこなかったことを示す。そしてそれらを1910年のデータと比較し,「長期の19世紀」における世界貿易の成長が,アジアからヨーロッパへの工業生産の中心の漸次的移行と関係して生じたことを示唆する。アジアでは西洋の衝撃によって在来産業はいったん衰退したが,同時に地域交易も発達し,全体としては農耕分業体制を維持しつつ世界経済の一部となった。自由貿易体制は,工業化を進めるために選択的保護主義に向かった欧米諸国よりも,むしろそれを強制された非ヨーロッパ世界でより早く浸透した。したがって世界貿易の成長は,欧米の工業化が主導する遠隔地貿易の成長に牽引されていただけでなく,地域交易の成長にも支えられていた。地域交易も含めた世界貿易の地域別構成は安定的であった。 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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