Le Millennium Ecosystem Assessment : anatomie d'une évaluation environnementale globale. (French)

The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment: anatomy of a global environmental assessment. (English)

The topic of ecosystem services (ES) has recently become a key reference for international environmental policies (broadly including forest policy, agro-environmental measures, conservation policies, etc.) This concept has been developed gradually in scientific circles in the course of the 1990s. It acquired international recognition with a varied public (policy makers, private sector, NGOs, etc.) during the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA), a global environmental assessment. Since 2005, this notion is experiencing strong growth in different fields such as biodiversity, domestic policies (forestry, agriculture, water, etc.), global change, etc. Our paper is based on the exploratory assumption that the MA process, by organizing the relationship between various networks of scientists and policymakers, has played a key role in the launching and wide dissemination of the ES concept at different scales: international level, domestic policies, local public action mechanisms... It also emphasizes the decisive role played by actors involved in or related to the scientific field in the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La notion de service écosystémique (SE) a été élaborée progressivement dans les milieux scientifiques dans le courant des années 1990. C'est à l'occasion d'une évaluation environnementale globale, le Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA), que cette notion acquiert une reconnaissance internationale auprès d'un public diversifié (décideurs publics, secteur privé, ONG, etc.). Depuis 2005, la notion de SE connaît un fort développement dans différentes arènes : biodiversité, politiques sectorielles (forêts, agriculture, eau, etc.), changement global, etc. Cet article se fonde sur l'hypothèse exploratoire que le processus du MA, en s'appuyant sur l'articulation entre des réseaux diversifiés de scientifiques et de décideurs, a joué un rôle-clé dans la reconnaissance puis la large diffusion de cette notion de SE à différentes échelles (conventions internationales, politiques domestiques, dispositifs d'action publique locaux)1. Il souligne aussi la place déterminante des acteurs insérés ou liés au champ scientifique des Etats-Unis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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