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ERROR IN SUBSTANTIA U KLASIČNOM RIMSKOM PRAVU. (Croatian)
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- Author(s): Petrak, Marko
- Source:
Collected Papers of Zagreb Law Faculty / Zbornik Pravnog Fakulteta u Zagrebu; 2011, Vol. 61 Issue 6, p1837-1880, 44p- Subject Terms:
- Source:
- Additional Information
- Alternate Title: ERROR IN SUBSTANTIA IM KLASSISCHEN RÖMISCHEN RECHT. (German)
ERROR IN SUBSTANTIA IN CLASSICAL ROMAN LAW. (English) - Abstract: The paper analyses the doctrine of error in substantia in Roman contract law. This type of mistake first appeared in the classical period of Roman law and was acceptable only in the sphere of purchase contracts (emptio-venditio). The doctrine was more precisely defined by Ulpian in his work Libri ad Sabinum. According to research, in Roman contract law error in substantia referred to an error pertaining to the material composition of the object of purchase. This type of error occurred in situations where the contracting parties failed to unequivocally identify the material composition of the object of purchase by their agreement (consensus). Error in substantia could only be applied in classical Roman law in cases of objects of purchase which could be made of different materials. If this type of error occurred, it was considered that an object was sold in place of another (aliud pro alio venisse videtur), making the contract void. In these situations, error in substantia was thus equal to error in corpore, i.e. an error pertaining to the object of purchase itself. On the other hand, error in substantia must by no means be mistaken for error in qualitate, i.e. error pertaining to the qualities of the object, which had no effect on the validity of contract. In shaping the doctrine and distinguishing between these two types of errors, Ulpian applied philosophical criteria from the ancient teachings on categories, differentiating between essential (substantia) and non-essential (qualitas) aspects of the object of purchase. From a legal and political point of view, the institute of error in substantia was introduced in Roman contract law primarily due to flawed legal protection of the buyer from the responsibility of the seller relating to material flaws of the object of purchase. Error in substantia was acceptable only with severe restrictions, and only when the buyer could not be protected by any other legal means. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Abstract: In dieser Arbeit wird der error in substantia im römischen Vertragsrecht analysiert. Diese Irrtumsart ist in der klassischen Ära des römischen Rechts entstanden und war ausschließlich im Bereich von Kaufverträgen (emptio-venditio) beachtlich. Dogmatisch wurde sie insbesondere von Ulpian in seinen Libri ad Sabinum ausgestaltet. Nach den Forschungsergebnissen stellte der error in substantia im römischen Vertragsrecht den Irrtum bezüglich der sachlichen Beschaffenheit des Verkaufsgegenstandes dar. Diese Art von Irrtum kam zustande, wenn die Vertragsseiten in ihrer Vereinbarung (consensus) die sachliche Beschaffenheit des Verkaufsgegenstands nicht eindeutig identifizierten. Die Anwendung des error in substantia kam im klassischen Recht nur dann in Betracht, wenn ein Verkaufsgegenstand aus unterschiedlichen Stoffen bestehen konnte. Lag in solchen Fällen diese Art von Irrtum vor, so galt ein Gegenstand als statt eines anderen verkauft (aliud pro alio venisse videtur), weshalb der Kaufvertrag unwirksam war. In den genannten Situationen deckte sich der error in substantia völlig mit dem error in corpore, also dem Irrtum in Bezug auf den Verkaufsgegenstand. Andererseits ist der error in substantia streng vom error in qualitate zu unterscheiden, d.h. dem Irrtum bezüglich der Eigenschaften des Verkaufsgegenstandes, der die Wirksamkeit des Vertrages nicht beeinflusste. Ulpian verwendete bei der dogmatischen Ausgestaltung dieser beiden Irrtumsarten die philosophischen Kriterien der antiken Kategorienlehre, mit Hilfe derer wesentliche Aspekte des Verkaufsgegenstandes (substantia) von beiläufigen (qualitas) abgegrenzt wurden. Rechtspolitisch betrachtet, wurde die Institution des error in substantia vor allem wegen der unvollständigen Schutzmechanismen für den Käufer bezüglich der materiellen Haftung des Verkäufers für den Verkaufsgegenstand ins römische Vertragsrecht eingeführt. Der error in substantia war sehr beschränkt anwendbar, nämlich nur dann, wenn kein anderes Rechtsmittel für den Schutz des Käufers zur Verfügung stand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Abstract: Cilj rada je analiza error in substantia u klasičnom rimskom ugovornom pravu. U početnim dijelovima rada raščlanjuju se rimska vrela u kojima se ta vrsta zablude problematizira te se razgraničava error in substantia prema ostalim sličnim slučajevima zablude: error in corpore i error in qualitate. Zatim se u svjetlu teorija o pravnoj naravi zablude u rimskom ugovornom pravu (teorija volje, teorija nesporazuma, teorija identifikacije) pokušava odgovoriti na pitanje zbog čega je ugovor u slučaju error in substantia ništetan. U središnjim dijelovima rada detaljno se obrađuje temeljni znanstveni problem te pravne figure: kakvo značenje ima pojam substantia u kontekstu klasičnog pravnog uređenja zablude. Objašnjenje navedenog problema - za razliku od većine dosadašnjih pokušaja - utemeljeno je na analizi mogućih utjecaja grčkih filozofijskih učenja na dogmatsko oblikovanje error in substantia, poglavito logičkog učenja o kategorijama. U završnim dijelovima rada error in substantia uspoređuje se s drugim sličnim institutima, posebice s odgovornošću za materijalne nedostatke stvari, te se zaključno analiziraju njezin opseg primjene i pravni učinci. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Abstract: Copyright of Collected Papers of Zagreb Law Faculty / Zbornik Pravnog Fakulteta u Zagrebu is the property of Sveuciliste u Zagrebu, Pravni Fakultet and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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