LL-37 regulates odontogenic differentiation of dental pulp stem cells in an inflammatory microenvironment.

Publisher: BioMed Central Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 101527581 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1757-6512 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 17576512 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Stem Cell Res Ther Subsets: MEDLINE

Original Publication: London : BioMed Central

Dental Pulp*/cytology ; Dental Pulp*/metabolism ; Cathelicidins* ; Cell Differentiation*/drug effects ; Odontogenesis*/drug effects ; Stem Cells*/metabolism ; Stem Cells*/cytology ; Stem Cells*/drug effects ; Cell Proliferation*/drug effects; Humans ; Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides/pharmacology ; Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides/metabolism ; Cell Movement/drug effects ; Inflammation/metabolism ; Inflammation/pathology ; Cellular Microenvironment/drug effects ; Extracellular Matrix Proteins/metabolism ; Extracellular Matrix Proteins/genetics ; Cells, Cultured ; Adolescent ; Young Adult ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism ; Phosphoproteins ; Sialoglycoproteins

Background: Inflammation often causes irreversible damage to dental pulp tissue. Dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs), which have multidirectional differentiation ability, play critical roles in the repair and regeneration of pulp tissue. However, the presence of proinflammatory factors can affect DPSCs proliferation, differentiation, migration, and other functions. LL-37 is a natural cationic polypeptide that inhibits lipopolysaccharide (LPS) activity, enhances cytokine production, and promotes the migration of stem cells. However, the potential of LL-37 in regenerative endodontics remains unknown. This study aimed to investigate the regulatory role of LL-37 in promoting the migration and odontogenic differentiation of DPSCs within an inflammatory microenvironment. These findings establish an experimental foundation for the regenerative treatment of pulpitis and provide a scientific basis for its clinical application.
Materials and Methods: DPSCs were isolated via enzyme digestion combined with the tissue block adhesion method and identified via flow cytometry. The impact of LL-37 on the proliferation of DPSCs was evaluated via a CCK-8 assay. The recruitment of DPSCs was assessed through a transwell assay. The mRNA expression levels of inflammatory and aging-related genes were assessed via reverse transcription‒polymerase chain reaction (RT‒PCR), western blotting, and enzyme‒linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The odontogenic differentiation of DPSCs was assessed through alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining, alizarin red staining, and RT‒PCR analysis.
Results: LL-37 has the potential to enhance the migration of DPSCs. In an inflammatory microenvironment, LL-37 can suppress the expression of genes associated with inflammation and aging, such as TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, P21, P38 and P53. Moreover, it promotes odontogenic differentiation in DPSCs by increasing ALP activity, increasing calcium nodule formation, and increasing the expression of dentin-related genes such as DMP1, DSPP and BSP.
Conclusion: These findings suggest that the polypeptide LL-37 facilitates the migration of DPSCs and plays a crucial role in resolving inflammation and promoting cell differentiation within an inflammatory microenvironment. Consequently, LL-37 has promising potential as an innovative therapeutic approach for managing inflammatory dental pulp conditions.
Competing Interests: Declarations. Ethical approval and consent to participate: The extraction procedures of human DPSCs were conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and informed consent was obtained from the donors and/or their guardians before the tooth collection. The extraction procedures of human DPSCs in this study were approved by the Ethics Committee of Anhui Medical University. (Project title: The key physicochemical factors and mechanisms of collagen intra/extra-fibrillar mineralization mediated by polyelectrolyte-calcium phosphate prenucleation clusters; Approval No: LLSC20240974; Date of approval: 2024–03-01). Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
(© 2024. The Author(s).)

Linde A. The extracellular matrix of the dental pulp and dentin. J Dent Res. 1985;64(523):529. https://doi.org/10.1177/002203458506400405 . (PMID: 10.1177/002203458506400405)
Sloan AJ, Smith AJ. Stem cells and the dental pulp: potential roles in dentine regeneration and repair. Oral Dis. 2007;13(2):151–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-0825.2006.01346.x . (PMID: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2006.01346.x17305615)
Lin LM, Rosenberg PA. Repair and regeneration in endodontics. Int Endod J. 2011;44(10):889–906. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2591.2011.01915.x . (PMID: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2011.01915.x21718337)
Galler KM, Weber M, Korkmaz Y, Widbiller M, Feuerer M. Inflammatory response mechanisms of the dentine-pulp complex and the periapical tissues. Int J Mol Sci. 2021. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22031480 . (PMID: 10.3390/ijms22031480335407117867227)
Colombo JS, Moore AN, Hartgerink JD, D’Souza RN. Scaffolds to control inflammation and facilitate dental pulp regeneration. J Endod. 2014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2014.01.019 . (PMID: 10.1016/j.joen.2014.01.019246986964208618)
Arora S, Cooper PR, Friedlander LT, Rizwan S, Seo B, Rich AM, Hussaini HM. Potential application of immunotherapy for modulation of pulp inflammation: opportunities for vital pulp treatment. Int Endod J. 2021;54(8):1263–74. https://doi.org/10.1111/iej.13524 . (PMID: 10.1111/iej.1352433797765)
Xie Z, Shen Z, Zhan P, Yang J, Huang Q, Huang S, Chen L, Lin Z. Functional dental pulp regeneration: basic research and clinical translation. Int J Mol Sci. 2021. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22168991 . (PMID: 10.3390/ijms22168991350088358745143)
Duncan HF. Present status and future directions-Vital pulp treatment and pulp preservation strategies. Int Endod J. 2022;55:497–511. https://doi.org/10.1111/iej.13688 . (PMID: 10.1111/iej.13688350800249306596)
Zamora I, Alfonso Morales G, Castro JI, Ruiz Rojas LM, Valencia-Llano CH, Mina Hernandez JH, Valencia Zapata ME, Grande-Tovar CD. Chitosan (CS)/hydroxyapatite (HA)/tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP)-based composites as a potential material for pulp tissue regeneration. Polymers (Basel). 2023. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15153213 . (PMID: 10.3390/polym1515321337571109)
Verma P, Nosrat A, Kim JR, Price JB, Wang P, Bair E, Xu HH, Fouad AF. Effect of residual bacteria on the outcome of pulp regeneration in vivo. J Dent Res. 2017;96(1):100–6. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022034516671499 . (PMID: 10.1177/002203451667149927694153)
Gronthos S, Mankani M, Brahim J, Robey PG, Shi S. Postnatal human dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) in vitro and in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2000;97(25):13625–30. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.240309797 . (PMID: 10.1073/pnas.2403097971108782017626)
Yang X, Li L, Xiao L, Zhang D. Recycle the dental fairy’s package: overview of dental pulp stem cells. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2018;9(1):347. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13287-018-1094-8 . (PMID: 10.1186/s13287-018-1094-8305454186293656)
Sonmez Kaplan S, Sazak Ovecoglu H, Genc D, Akkoc T. TNF-α, IL-1B and IL-6 affect the differentiation ability of dental pulp stem cells. BMC Oral Health. 2023;23(1):555. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-023-03288-1 . (PMID: 10.1186/s12903-023-03288-13756811010422753)
Pezelj-Ribaric S, Anic I, Brekalo I, Miletic I, Hasan M, Simunovic-Soskic M. Detection of tumor necrosis factor alpha in normal and inflamed human dental pulps. Arch Med Res. 2002;33(5):482–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0188-4409(02)00396-x . (PMID: 10.1016/s0188-4409(02)00396-x12459320)
Bucchi C, Bucchi A, Martínez-Rodríguez P. Biological properties of dental pulp stem cells isolated from inflamed and healthy pulp and cultured in an inflammatory microenvironment. J Endod. 2023;49(4):395–401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2023.02.002 . (PMID: 10.1016/j.joen.2023.02.00236828285)
Inostroza C, Vega-Letter AM, Brizuela C, Castrillón L, Saint Jean N, Duran CM, Carrión F. Mesenchymal stem cells derived from human inflamed dental pulp exhibit impaired immunomodulatory capacity in vitro. J Endod. 2020;46(8):1091–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2020.05.003 . (PMID: 10.1016/j.joen.2020.05.00332422164)
Morsczeck C. Cellular senescence in dental pulp stem cells. Arch Oral Biol. 2019;99:150–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archoralbio.2019.01.012 . (PMID: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2019.01.01230685471)
Burton MF, Steel PG. The chemistry and biology of LL-37. Nat Prod Rep. 2009;26(12):1572–84. https://doi.org/10.1039/b912533g . (PMID: 10.1039/b912533g19936387)
Bandurska K, Berdowska A, Barczyńska-Felusiak R, Krupa P. Unique features of human cathelicidin LL-37. BioFactors. 2015;41(5):289–300. https://doi.org/10.1002/biof.1225 . (PMID: 10.1002/biof.122526434733)
Memariani H, Memariani M. Antibiofilm properties of cathelicidin LL-37: an in-depth review. World J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2023;39(4):99. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-023-03545-z . (PMID: 10.1007/s11274-023-03545-z36781570)
Luo XL, Li JX, Huang HR, Duan JL, Dai RX, Tao RJ, Yang L, Hou JY, Jia XM, Xu JF. LL37 inhibits aspergillus fumigatus infection via directly binding to the fungus and preventing excessive inflammation. Front Immunol. 2019;10:283. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2019.00283 . (PMID: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00283308427786391356)
Li Y, Ma Y, Yu J, Li C, Yu D, Dai R, Li Q, Cao CY. A dual functional polypeptide with antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties for the treatment of periodontitis. Int J Biol Macromol. 2023;242:124920. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124920 . (PMID: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.12492037196724)
Silva-Carvalho A, Cardoso MH, Alencar-Silva T, Bogéa GMR, Carvalho JL, Franco OL, Saldanha-Araujo F. Dissecting the relationship between antimicrobial peptides and mesenchymal stem cells. Pharmacol Ther. 2022;233:108021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.108021 . (PMID: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.10802134637839)
Liu Z, Yuan X, Liu M, Fernandes G, Zhang Y, Yang S, Ionita CN, Yang S. Antimicrobial peptide combined with BMP2-modified mesenchymal stem cells promotes calvarial repair in an osteolytic model. Mol Ther. 2018;26(1):199–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymthe.2017.09.011 . (PMID: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2017.09.01128988712)
Milhan NVM, de Barros PP, de Lima Zutin EA, de Oliveira FE, Camargo CHR, Camargo SEA. The antimicrobial peptide LL-37 as a possible adjunct for the proliferation and differentiation of dental pulp stem cells. J Endod. 2017;43(12):2048–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2017.08.010 . (PMID: 10.1016/j.joen.2017.08.01029033090)
Balic A, Mina M. Characterization of progenitor cells in pulps of murine incisors. J Dent Res. 2010;89(11):1287–92. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022034510375828 . (PMID: 10.1177/0022034510375828207396993144071)
Gronthos S, Brahim J, Li W, Fisher LW, Cherman N, Boyde A, DenBesten P, Robey PG, Shi S. Stem cell properties of human dental pulp stem cells. J Dent Res. 2002;81(8):531–5. https://doi.org/10.1177/154405910208100806 . (PMID: 10.1177/15440591020810080612147742)
Liang JF, Wang J, Ji YT, Zhao Q, Han LT, Miron RJ, Zhang YF. Identification of dental stem cells similar to skeletal stem cells. J Dent Res. 2022;101(9):1092–100. https://doi.org/10.1177/00220345221084199 . (PMID: 10.1177/0022034522108419935311416)
Cheng Q, Zeng K, Kang Q, Qian W, Zhang W, Gan Q, Xia W. The antimicrobial peptide LL-37 promotes migration and odonto/osteogenic differentiation of stem cells from the apical papilla through the Akt/Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. J Endod. 2020;46(7):964–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2020.03.013 . (PMID: 10.1016/j.joen.2020.03.01332389381)
Galler KM, Widbiller M, Buchalla W, Eidt A, Hiller KA, Hoffer PC, Schmalz G. EDTA conditioning of dentine promotes adhesion, migration and differentiation of dental pulp stem cells. Int Endod J. 2016;49(6):581–90. https://doi.org/10.1111/iej.12492 . (PMID: 10.1111/iej.1249226114662)
Deniz Sungur D, Aksel H, Ozturk S, Yılmaz Z, Ulubayram K. Effect of dentine conditioning with phytic acid or etidronic acid on growth factor release, dental pulp stem cell migration and viability. Int Endod J. 2019;52(6):838–46. https://doi.org/10.1111/iej.13066 . (PMID: 10.1111/iej.1306630585644)
Xu F, Qiao L, Zhao Y, Chen W, Hong S, Pan J, Jiang B. The potential application of concentrated growth factor in pulp regeneration: an in vitro and in vivo study. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2019;10(1):134. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13287-019-1247-4 . (PMID: 10.1186/s13287-019-1247-4311093586528367)
Huang GT, Gronthos S, Shi S. Mesenchymal stem cells derived from dental tissues vs. those from other sources: their biology and role in regenerative medicine. J Dent Res. 2009;88(9):792–806. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022034509340867 . (PMID: 10.1177/0022034509340867197675752830488)
Sun HH, Chen B, Zhu QL, Kong H, Li QH, Gao LN, Xiao M, Chen FM, Yu Q. Investigation of dental pulp stem cells isolated from discarded human teeth extracted due to aggressive periodontitis. Biomaterials. 2014;35(35):9459–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.08.003 . (PMID: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.08.00325172527)
Zhu Y, Lu F, Zhang G, Liu Z. Overview of signal transduction between LL37 and bone marrow-derived MSCs. J Mol Histol. 2022;53(2):149–57. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10735-021-10048-4 . (PMID: 10.1007/s10735-021-10048-435048213)
Tokajuk J, Deptuła P, Piktel E, Daniluk T, Chmielewska S, Wollny T, Wolak P, Fiedoruk K, Bucki R. Cathelicidin LL-37 in health and diseases of the oral cavity. Biomedicines. 2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10051086 . (PMID: 10.3390/biomedicines10051086356258239138798)
McCrudden MTC, O’Donnell K, Irwin CR, Lundy FT. Effects of LL-37 on gingival fibroblasts: a role in periodontal tissue remodeling? Vaccines (Basel). 2018. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines6030044 . (PMID: 10.3390/vaccines6030044300414536161023)
Kajiya M, Shiba H, Komatsuzawa H, Ouhara K, Fujita T, Takeda K, Uchida Y, Mizuno N, Kawaguchi H, Kurihara H. The antimicrobial peptide LL37 induces the migration of human pulp cells: a possible adjunct for regenerative endodontics. J Endod. 2010;36(6):1009–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2010.02.028 . (PMID: 10.1016/j.joen.2010.02.02820478456)
Lampiasi N. The migration and the fate of dental pulp stem cells. Biology. 2023. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology12050742 . (PMID: 10.3390/biology120507423723755410215322)
Khung R, Shiba H, Kajiya M, Kittaka M, Ouhara K, Takeda K, Mizuno N, Fujita T, Komatsuzawa H, Kurihara H. LL37 induces VEGF expression in dental pulp cells through ERK signalling. Int Endod J. 2015;48(7):673–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/iej.12365 . (PMID: 10.1111/iej.1236525100161)
Fabisiak A, Murawska N, Fichna J. LL-37: Cathelicidin-related antimicrobial peptide with pleiotropic activity. Pharmacol Rep. 2016;68(4):802–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharep.2016.03.015 . (PMID: 10.1016/j.pharep.2016.03.01527117377)
Bals R, Wilson JM. Cathelicidins–a family of multifunctional antimicrobial peptides. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2003;60(4):711–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-003-2186-9 . (PMID: 10.1007/s00018-003-2186-91278571811138611)
Svensson D, Lagerstedt JO, Nilsson BO, Del Giudice R. Apolipoprotein A-I attenuates LL-37-induced endothelial cell cytotoxicity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2017;493(1):71–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.09.072 . (PMID: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.09.07228919413)
Pachón-Ibáñez ME, Smani Y, Pachón J, Sánchez-Céspedes J. Perspectives for clinical use of engineered human host defense antimicrobial peptides. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2017;41(3):323–42. https://doi.org/10.1093/femsre/fux012 . (PMID: 10.1093/femsre/fux012285213375435762)
Lozeau LD, Rolle MW, Camesano TA. A QCM-D study of the concentration- and time-dependent interactions of human LL37 with model mammalian lipid bilayers. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces. 2018;167:229–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.04.016 . (PMID: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.04.01629660601)
Murakami M, Ohtake T, Dorschner RA, Gallo RL. Cathelicidin antimicrobial peptides are expressed in salivary glands and saliva. J Dent Res. 2002;81(12):845–50. https://doi.org/10.1177/154405910208101210 . (PMID: 10.1177/15440591020810121012454100)
Alalwani SM, Sierigk J, Herr C, Pinkenburg O, Gallo R, Vogelmeier C, Bals R. The antimicrobial peptide LL-37 modulates the inflammatory and host defense response of human neutrophils. Eur J Immunol. 2010;40(4):1118–26. https://doi.org/10.1002/eji.200939275 . (PMID: 10.1002/eji.200939275201409022908514)
Chang J, Zhang C, Tani-Ishii N, Shi S, Wang CY. NF-kappaB activation in human dental pulp stem cells by TNF and LPS. J Dent Res. 2005;84(11):994–8. https://doi.org/10.1177/154405910508401105 . (PMID: 10.1177/15440591050840110516246929)
Foit L, Thaxton CS. Synthetic high-density lipoprotein-like nanoparticles potently inhibit cell signaling and production of inflammatory mediators induced by lipopolysaccharide binding Toll-like receptor 4. Biomaterials. 2016;100:67–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.05.021 . (PMID: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.05.02127244690)
Liu X, Wang C, Pang L, Pan L, Zhang Q. Combination of resolvin E1 and lipoxin A4 promotes the resolution of pulpitis by inhibiting NF-κB activation through upregulating sirtuin 7 in dental pulp fibroblasts. Cell Prolif. 2022;55(5):e13227. https://doi.org/10.1111/cpr.13227 . (PMID: 10.1111/cpr.13227354115699136498)
Ji Q, Deng J, Yu X, Xu Q, Wu H, Pan J. Modulation of pro-inflammatory mediators in LPS-stimulated human periodontal ligament cells by chitosan and quaternized chitosan. Carbohydr Polym. 2013;92(1):824–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.09.043 . (PMID: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.09.04323218372)
Xiong H, Wei L, Peng B. IL-17 stimulates the production of the inflammatory chemokines IL-6 and IL-8 in human dental pulp fibroblasts. Int Endod J. 2015;48(6):505–11. https://doi.org/10.1111/iej.12339 . (PMID: 10.1111/iej.1233925040247)
Kang W, Wang Y, Li J, Xie W, Zhao D, Wu L, Wang H, Xie S. TAS2R supports odontoblastic differentiation of human dental pulp stem cells in the inflammatory microenvironment. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2022;13(1):374. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13287-022-03057-x . (PMID: 10.1186/s13287-022-03057-x359028809331142)
Sattari M, Masoudnia M, Mashayekhi K, Hashemi SM, Khannazer N, Sattari S, Mohammadian Haftcheshmeh S, Momtazi-Borojeni AA. Evaluating the effect of LPS from periodontal pathogenic bacteria on the expression of senescence-related genes in human dental pulp stem cells. J Cell Mol Med. 2022;26(22):5647–56. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcmm.17594 . (PMID: 10.1111/jcmm.17594362593099667521)
Feng X, Feng G, Xing J, Shen B, Tan W, Huang D, Lu X, Tao T, Zhang J, Li L, Gu Z. Repeated lipopolysaccharide stimulation promotes cellular senescence in human dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs). Cell Tissue Res. 2014;356(2):369–80. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00441-014-1799-7 . (PMID: 10.1007/s00441-014-1799-724676500)
Ma L, Hu J, Cao Y, Xie Y, Wang H, Fan Z, Zhang C, Wang J, Wu CT, Wang S. Maintained properties of aged dental pulp stem cells for superior periodontal tissue regeneration. Aging Dis. 2019;10(4):793–806. https://doi.org/10.14336/ad.2018.0729 . (PMID: 10.14336/ad.2018.0729314403856675537)
Zhang Z, Bao Y, Wei P, Yan X, Qiu Q, Qiu L. Melatonin attenuates dental pulp stem cells senescence due to vitro expansion via inhibiting MMP3. Oral Dis. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1111/odi.14649 . (PMID: 10.1111/odi.1464938155397)
Feng G, Zheng K, Cao T, Zhang J, Lian M, Huang D, Wei C, Gu Z, Feng X. Repeated stimulation by LPS promotes the senescence of DPSCs via TLR4/MyD88-NF-κB-p53/p21 signaling. Cytotechnology. 2018;70(3):1023–35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10616-017-0180-6 . (PMID: 10.1007/s10616-017-0180-6294803406021280)
Choi YJ, Lee JY, Chung CP, Park YJ. Cell-penetrating superoxide dismutase attenuates oxidative stress-induced senescence by regulating the p53–p21(Cip1) pathway and restores osteoblastic differentiation in human dental pulp stem cells. Int J Nanomedicine. 2012;7:5091–106. https://doi.org/10.2147/ijn.S31723 . (PMID: 10.2147/ijn.S31723230492563459692)
Li X, Feng L, Zhang C, Wang J, Wang S, Hu L. Insulin-like growth factor binding proteins 7 prevents dental pulp-derived mesenchymal stem cell senescence via metabolic downregulation of p21. Sci China Life Sci. 2022;65(11):2218–32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11427-021-2096-0 . (PMID: 10.1007/s11427-021-2096-035633481)
Pahar B, Madonna S, Das A, Albanesi C, Girolomoni G. Immunomodulatory Role of the Antimicrobial LL-37 Peptide in Autoimmune Diseases and Viral Infections. Vaccines. 2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8030517 . (PMID: 10.3390/vaccines8030517329277567565865)
He Y, Mu C, Shen X, Yuan Z, Liu J, Chen W, Lin C, Tao B, Liu B, Cai K. Peptide LL-37 coating on micro-structured titanium implants to facilitate bone formation in vivo via mesenchymal stem cell recruitment. Acta Biomater. 2018;80:412–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2018.09.036 . (PMID: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.09.03630266635)
Amarasekara DS, Kim S, Rho J. Regulation of osteoblast differentiation by cytokine networks. Int J Mol Sci. 2021. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22062851 . (PMID: 10.3390/ijms22062851337996447998677)
Macri-Pellizzeri L, De Melo N, Ahmed I, Grant D, Scammell B, Sottile V. Live quantitative monitoring of mineral deposition in stem cells using tetracycline hydrochloride. Tissue Eng Part C Methods. 2018;24(3):171–8. https://doi.org/10.1089/ten.TEC.2017.0400 . (PMID: 10.1089/ten.TEC.2017.0400293535325865259)
Baht GS, O’Young J, Borovina A, Chen H, Tye CE, Karttunen M, Lajoie GA, Hunter GK, Goldberg HA. Phosphorylation of Ser136 is critical for potent bone sialoprotein-mediated nucleation of hydroxyapatite crystals. Biochem J. 2010;428(3):385–95. https://doi.org/10.1042/bj20091864 . (PMID: 10.1042/bj2009186420377527)
Huang M, Hill RG. Rawlinson, strontium (Sr) elicits odontogenic differentiation of human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs): A therapeutic role for Sr in dentine repair? Acta Biomater. 2016;38:201–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2016.04.037 . (PMID: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.04.03727131573)
Jun SK, Yoon JY, Mahapatra C, Park JH, Kim HW, Kim HR, Lee JH, Lee HH. Ceria-incorporated MTA for accelerating odontoblastic differentiation via ROS downregulation. Dent Mater. 2019;35(9):1291–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2019.05.024 . (PMID: 10.1016/j.dental.2019.05.02431255251)

2023AH050597 University Natural Science Research Project of Anhui Province; 2023zhyx-B17 Anhui Institute of translational medicine; AHWJ2023A10089 Health Research Program of Anhui

Keywords: Dental pulp stem cells; Lipopolysaccharide; Odontogenic differentiation; Polypeptide; Pulpitis

0 (Cathelicidins)
0 (Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides)
0 (Extracellular Matrix Proteins)
0 (DMP1 protein, human)
0 (dentin sialophosphoprotein)
0 (Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha)
0 (Phosphoproteins)
0 (Sialoglycoproteins)

Date Created: 20241219 Date Completed: 20241219 Latest Revision: 20241219

20241219

10.1186/s13287-024-04075-7

39696668