Comparison of biocrude production and characterization from Persian Gulf Sargassum angustifolium macroalgae, Chlorella vulgaris, and Spirulina sp. microalgae using hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL): Potential of solid residue for heavy metal adsorption.

Publisher: Springer Country of Publication: Germany NLM ID: 9441769 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1614-7499 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 09441344 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Environ Sci Pollut Res Int Subsets: MEDLINE

Publication: <2013->: Berlin : Springer
Original Publication: Landsberg, Germany : Ecomed

Chlorella vulgaris*/metabolism ; Sargassum*/metabolism ; Spirulina*/metabolism ; Microalgae*/metabolism ; Metals, Heavy*; Adsorption ; Seaweed/metabolism ; Water Pollutants, Chemical

Biocrude production using the hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) process is a promising alternative energy source to conventional fossil fuels. Using algal feedstock types in this process has many advantages, such as not needing to dry a high moisture content, which consumes much energy. In this study, the feedstock types of Sargassum angustifolium macroalgae, Chlorella vulgaris, and Spirulina sp. microalgae affected the yield and property of the biocrude products were obtained at 350 °C, 18 MPa, 35 min residence time, and 8.7 wt% feedstock concentration. The biocrude yields from Sargassum angustifolium, Chlorella vulgaris, and Spirulina sp. were 26.15 wt%, 55.8 wt%, and 56.32 wt%, respectively. These values revealed that feedstock's carbon and nitrogen contents have the most effect on the biocrude yield, and increasing these elements increases the biocrude yields. Moreover, the properties of the produced biocrudes revealed that the main components were esters, organic acids, ketones, aldehydes, aromatic rings, amides, amines, alcohol, and phenol. The thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) results of biocrudes showed the decomposition of more organic components at the 175-600 °C temperature range. Also, the simulated distillation of biocrudes showed that most biocrude components from Sargassum angustifolium and Chlorella vulgaris are the same as heavy naphtha, and the biocrude from Spirulina sp. is similar to kerosene. These results showed that the produced biocrude from Chlorella vulgaris has a higher yield and quality than other resources. The quality of the biocrude produced from Sargassum angustifolium is comparable to other biocrudes. Besides, the higher solid-phase yield produced from Sargassum angustifolium was used as a heavy metal biosorbent. The effect of adsorbent concentration and adsorption time on adsorption efficiency was investigated. Results showed that the maximum adsorption efficiency of Fe ²⁺ , Zn ²⁺ , and Mn ²⁺ was 47.07 wt%, 48.93 wt%, and 42.47 wt%, respectively, at 2 g/L adsorbent concentration and 60 min adsorption time, and the structure destruction of the solid phase was carried out under the biosorption process.
Competing Interests: Declarations. Ethics approval: The submitted work has been approved ethically, as stated by the authors. Consent to participate: The authors express their satisfaction with their involvement in the work that has been submitted. Consent to publish: The authors declare their satisfaction with the publication of the submitted work. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
(© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

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Keywords: Biocrude; Biosorption; Feedstock type; Hydrothermal liquefaction; Solid phase

0 (Metals, Heavy)
0 (Water Pollutants, Chemical)

Date Created: 20241111 Date Completed: 20241127 Latest Revision: 20241128

20241202

10.1007/s11356-024-35542-6

39528896