Practical Evaluation of the Fetal Cardiac Function.

Publisher: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 0070014 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1532-5520 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00099201 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Clin Obstet Gynecol Subsets: MEDLINE

Publication: Hagerstown, MD : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Original Publication: Hagerstown [Md., etc.] Harper & Row.

Fetal Heart*/diagnostic imaging ; Fetal Heart*/physiopathology ; Ultrasonography, Prenatal*/methods; Humans ; Pregnancy ; Female ; Heart Diseases/physiopathology ; Heart Diseases/diagnosis ; Fetal Diseases/diagnosis ; Fetal Diseases/physiopathology ; Echocardiography/methods

The fetal heart adapts dynamically to nutrient and oxygen needs from all fetal organs. These continuous changes make it difficult to define normal/abnormal cardiac function based only on the evaluation of a few cycles. Many signs of fetal cardiac dysfunction have been suggested; however, very few can stand as true manifestations of cardiac deterioration, and none has emerged as a single reliable marker of cardiac dysfunction. It is the combination of abnormal findings that provides a more accurate assessment of the status of the fetal heart function.
(Copyright © 2024 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Barret KEBS, Brooks HL, Yuan JJ. Origin of the heartbeat & the electrical activity of the heart Barret KEBS, Brooks HL, Yuan JJ. Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th ed. McGraw-Hill Education; 2019:1–22.
Strasburger JFW-GA, Schellpfeffer MA. Developmental electrophysiology in the fetus and neonate Richard P. Fetal and Neonatal Physiology, 6th ed. Elsevier; 2022:483–500.
van Heurn LJ, Coumans A, Haak MC, et al. Prognostic accuracy of factors associated with poor outcome in prenatally diagnosed sacrococcygeal teratoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Prenat Diagn. 2023;43:1495–1505.
Zhou D, Xu R, Zhou J, et al. Aortic elasticity and cardiac function in fetuses with aortic coarctation. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2022;9:870683.
Hernandez-Andrade E, Jansson T, Lingman G, et al. Blood-flow streams in the fetal inferior vena cava: experimental animal study using ultrasound contrast agent. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2014;43:353–354.
Rychik J. Fetal cardiovascular physiology. Pediatr Cardiol. 2004;25:201–209.
Tang X, Hernandez-Andrade E, Ahn H, et al. Intermediate diastolic velocity as a parameter of cardiac dysfunction in growth-restricted fetuses. Fetal Diagn Ther. 2016;39:28–39.
Tan CMJ, Lewandowski AJ. The transitional heart: from early embryonic and fetal development to neonatal life. Fetal Diagn Ther. 2020;47:373–386.
Lamas GA, Vaughan DE, Parisi AF, et al. Effects of left ventricular shape and captopril therapy on exercise capacity after anterior wall acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol. 1989;63:1167–1173.
Kono T, Sabbah HN, Stein PD, et al. Left ventricular shape as a determinant of functional mitral regurgitation in patients with severe heart failure secondary to either coronary artery disease or idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol. 1991;68:355–359.
Sompagdee N, Anuwutnavin S, Burapasikarin C, et al. Nomograms of fetal cardiothoracic ratio from 17 to 37 weeks’ gestation as assessed by three different measurement techniques and their correlation with gestational age. Prenat Diagn. 2021;41:1658–1667.
Crispi F, Gratacos E. Fetal cardiac function: technical considerations and potential research and clinical applications. Fetal Diagn Ther. 2012;32:47–64.
Huntley ES, Hernandez-Andrade E, Soto E, et al. Novel speckle tracking analysis showed excellent reproducibility for size and shape of the fetal heart and good reproducibility for strain and fractional shortening. Fetal Diagn Ther. 2021;48:541–550.
Vasciaveo L, Zanzarelli E, D’Antonio F. Fetal cardiac function evaluation: a review. J Clin Ultrasound. 2023;51:215–224.
Godfrey ME, Messing B, Cohen SM, et al. Functional assessment of the fetal heart: a review. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2012;39:131–144.
Hamill N, Romero R, Hassan S, et al. The fetal cardiovascular response to increased placental vascular impedance to flow determined with 4-dimensional ultrasound using spatiotemporal image correlation and virtual organ computer-aided analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2013;208:153 e1–13.
Kiserud T, Eik-Nes SH, Blaas HG, et al. Ultrasonographic velocimetry of the fetal ductus venosus. Lancet. 1991;338:1412–1414.
Turan OM, Turan S, Berg C, et al. Duration of persistent abnormal ductus venosus flow and its impact on perinatal outcome in fetal growth restriction. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2011;38:295–302.
Maiz N, Valencia C, Kagan KO, et al. Ductus venosus Doppler in screening for trisomies 21, 18 and 13 and Turner syndrome at 11-13 weeks of gestation. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2009;33:512–517.
Del Rio M, Martinez JM, Figueras F, et al. Doppler assessment of fetal aortic isthmus blood flow in two different sonographic planes during the second half of gestation. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2005;26:170–174.
Fouron JC. The unrecognized physiological and clinical significance of the fetal aortic isthmus. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2003;22:441–447.
Hobbins JC, Gumina DL, Zaretsky MV, et al. Size and shape of the four-chamber view of the fetal heart in fetuses with an estimated fetal weight less than the tenth centile. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2019;221:495 e1–495 e9.
Cruz-Lemini M, Crispi F, Valenzuela-Alcaraz B, et al. A fetal cardiovascular score to predict infant hypertension and arterial remodeling in intrauterine growth restriction. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2014;210:552 e1–552 e22.
Hernandez-Andrade E, Benavides-Serralde JA, Cruz-Martinez R, et al. Evaluation of conventional Doppler fetal cardiac function parameters: E/A ratios, outflow tracts, and myocardial performance index. Fetal Diagn Ther. 2012;32:22–29.
Cruz-Lemini M, Crispi F, Valenzuela-Alcaraz B, et al. Value of annular M-mode displacement vs tissue Doppler velocities to assess cardiac function in intrauterine growth restriction. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2013;42:175–181.
DeVore GR. Assessing fetal cardiac ventricular function. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 2005;10:515–541.
Hernandez-Andrade E, Lopez-Tenorio J, Figueroa-Diesel H, et al. A modified myocardial performance (Tei) index based on the use of valve clicks improves reproducibility of fetal left cardiac function assessment. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2005;26:227–232.
Hernandez-Andrade E, Figueroa-Diesel H, Kottman C, et al. Gestational-age-adjusted reference values for the modified myocardial performance index for evaluation of fetal left cardiac function. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2007;29:321–325.
Crispi F, Hernandez-Andrade E, Pelsers MM, et al. Cardiac dysfunction and cell damage across clinical stages of severity in growth-restricted fetuses. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2008;199:254 e1–254 e8.
Crispi F, Bijnens B, Figueras F, et al. Fetal growth restriction results in remodeled and less efficient hearts in children. Circulation. 2010;121:2427–2436.
Vuguin PM. Animal models for small for gestational age and fetal programming of adult disease. Horm Res. 2007;68:113–123.
DeVore GR, Satou G, Sklansky M. Using speckle-tracking echocardiography to assess fetal myocardial deformation: are we there yet? Yes we are!. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2019;54:703–704.
van Oostrum NHM, Derks K, van der Woude DAA, et al. Two-dimensional Speckle tracking echocardiography in Fetal Growth Restriction: a systematic review. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2020;254:87–94.
American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology. Fetal Growth Restriction: ACOG Practice Bulletin Summary, Number 227. Obstet Gynecol. 2021;137:385–387.
Figueras F, Gratacos E. An integrated approach to fetal growth restriction. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2017;38:48–58.
Lees CC, Stampalija T, Baschat A, et al. ISUOG Practice Guidelines: diagnosis and management of small-for-gestational-age fetus and fetal growth restriction. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2020;56:298–312.
Unterscheider J, Daly S, Geary MP, et al. Predictable progressive Doppler deterioration in IUGR: does it really exist? Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2013;209:539 e1–7.
Hernandez-Andrade E, Crispi F, Benavides-Serralde JA, et al. Contribution of the myocardial performance index and aortic isthmus blood flow index to predicting mortality in preterm growth-restricted fetuses. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2009;34:430–436.
Hubinont C, Lewi L, Bernard P, et al. Anomalies of the placenta and umbilical cord in twin gestations. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2015;213(4 Suppl):S91–S102.
Habli M, Cnota J, Michelfelder E, et al. The relationship between amniotic fluid levels of brain-type natriuretic peptide and recipient cardiomyopathy in twin-twin transfusion syndrome. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2010;203:404 e1–404 e7.
Quintero RA, Morales WJ, Allen MH, et al. Staging of twin-twin transfusion syndrome. J Perinatol. 1999;19(8 Pt 1):550–555.
Mahieu-Caputo D, Meulemans A, Martinovic J, et al. Paradoxic activation of the renin-angiotensin system in twin-twin transfusion syndrome: an explanation for cardiovascular disturbances in the recipient. Pediatr Res. 2005;58:685–688.
Gratacos E, Van Schoubroeck D, Carreras E, et al. Impact of laser coagulation in severe twin-twin transfusion syndrome on fetal Doppler indices and venous blood flow volume. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2002;20:125–130.
Van Mieghem T, Klaritsch P, Done E, et al. Assessment of fetal cardiac function before and after therapy for twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2009;200:400 e1–400 e7.
Gardiner HM, Matsui H, Roughton M, et al. Cardiac function in 10-year-old twins following different fetal therapies for twin-twin transfusion syndrome. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2014;43:652–657.
Herberg U, Bolay J, Graeve P, et al. Intertwin cardiac status at 10-year follow-up after intrauterine laser coagulation therapy of severe twin-twin transfusion syndrome: comparison of donor, recipient and normal values. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2014;99:F380–F385.
Wanapirak C, Sirichotiyakul S, Luewan S, et al. Appearance of abnormal cardiothoracic ratio of fetuses with hemoglobin Bart’s disease: life table analysis. Ultraschall Med. 2017;38:544–548.
Cho NH, Shaw JE, Karuranga S, et al. IDF Diabetes Atlas: global estimates of diabetes prevalence for 2017 and projections for 2045. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2018;138:271–281.
Patey O, Carvalho JS, Thilaganathan B. Perinatal changes in fetal cardiac geometry and function in diabetic pregnancy at term. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2019;54:634–642.
Depla AL, De Wit L, Steenhuis TJ, et al. Effect of maternal diabetes on fetal heart function on echocardiography: systematic review and meta-analysis. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2021;57:539–550.
Figueroa H, Silva MC, Kottmann C, et al. Fetal evaluation of the modified-myocardial performance index in pregnancies complicated by diabetes. Prenat Diagn. 2012;32:943–948.
Miranda JO, Cerqueira RJ, Ramalho C, et al. Fetal cardiac function in maternal diabetes: a conventional and speckle-tracking echocardiographic study. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2018;31:333–341.
Huang P, Deng Y, Feng L, et al. Evaluation of fetal cardiac function in maternal gestational diabetes mellitus by speckle-tracking echocardiography. J Ultrasound Med. 2023;42:81–89.
Hatem MA, Zielinsky P, Hatem DM, et al. Assessment of diastolic ventricular function in fetuses of diabetic mothers using tissue Doppler. Cardiol Young. 2008;18:297–302.
Oberhoffer R, Hogel J, Stoz F, et al. Cardiac and extracardiac complications in infants of diabetic mothers and their relation to parameters of carbohydrate metabolism. Eur J Pediatr. 1997;156:262–265.
Huntley ES, Hernandez-Andrade E, Papanna R, et al. Abnormal shape and size of the cardiac ventricles are associated with a higher risk of neonatal death in fetuses with isolated left congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Fetal Diagn Ther. 2024;51:191–202.
Achiron R, Hegesh J, Yagel S, et al. Abnormalities of the fetal central veins and umbilico-portal system: prenatal ultrasonographic diagnosis and proposed classification. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2000;16:539–548.

Date Created: 20241021 Date Completed: 20241021 Latest Revision: 20241021

20241022

10.1097/GRF.0000000000000899

39431495