Impacts of dietary animal and plant protein on weight and glycemic control in health, obesity and type 2 diabetes: friend or foe?

Publisher: Frontiers Research Foundation] Country of Publication: Switzerland NLM ID: 101555782 Publication Model: eCollection Cited Medium: Print ISSN: 1664-2392 (Print) Linking ISSN: 16642392 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) Subsets: MEDLINE

Original Publication: [Lausanne : Frontiers Research Foundation]

Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2*/metabolism ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2*/diet therapy ; Obesity*/metabolism ; Glycemic Control*/methods; Humans ; Animals ; Body Weight ; Animal Proteins, Dietary/administration & dosage ; Plant Proteins, Dietary/administration & dosage ; Blood Glucose/metabolism ; Energy Intake ; Dietary Proteins/administration & dosage

It is well established that high-protein diets (i.e. ~25-30% of energy intake from protein) provide benefits for achieving weight loss, and subsequent weight maintenance, in individuals with obesity, and improve glycemic control in type 2 diabetes (T2D). These effects may be attributable to the superior satiating property of protein, at least in part, through stimulation of both gastrointestinal (GI) mechanisms by protein, involving GI hormone release and slowing of gastric emptying, as well as post-absorptive mechanisms facilitated by circulating amino acids. In contrast, there is evidence that the beneficial effects of greater protein intake on body weight and glycemia may only be sustained for 6-12 months. While both suboptimal dietary compliance and metabolic adaptation, as well as substantial limitations in the design of longer-term studies are all likely to contribute to this contradiction, the source of dietary protein (i.e. animal vs. plant) has received inappropriately little attention. This issue has been highlighted by outcomes of recent epidemiological studies indicating that long-term consumption of animal-based protein may have adverse effects in relation to the development of obesity and T2D, while plant-based protein showed either protective or neutral effects. This review examines information relating to the effects of dietary protein on appetite, energy intake and postprandial glycemia, and the relevant GI functions, as reported in acute, intermediate- and long-term studies in humans. We also evaluate knowledge relating to the relevance of the dietary protein source, specifically animal or plant, to the prevention, and management, of obesity and T2D.
Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
(Copyright © 2024 Anjom-Shoae, Feinle-Bisset and Horowitz.)

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Keywords: animal protein; appetite; food intake; gastrointestinal function; glycemic control; obesity; plant protein; type 2 diabetes

0 (Animal Proteins, Dietary)
0 (Plant Proteins, Dietary)
0 (Blood Glucose)
0 (Dietary Proteins)

Date Created: 20240815 Date Completed: 20240815 Latest Revision: 20240816

20240816

PMC11321983

10.3389/fendo.2024.1412182

39145315