From neurons to brain networks, pharmacodynamics of stimulant medication for ADHD.

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  • Additional Information
    • Source:
      Publisher: Pergamon Press Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 7806090 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1873-7528 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 01497634 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Neurosci Biobehav Rev Subsets: MEDLINE
    • Publication Information:
      Publication: New York Ny : Pergamon Press
      Original Publication: Fayetteville, N. Y., ANKHO International Inc.
    • Subject Terms:
      Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity*/drug therapy ; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity*/physiopathology ; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity*/diagnostic imaging ; Central Nervous System Stimulants*/pharmacology ; Brain*/drug effects ; Brain*/diagnostic imaging ; Brain*/metabolism ; Brain*/physiopathology ; Nerve Net*/drug effects ; Nerve Net*/diagnostic imaging ; Nerve Net*/physiopathology; Humans ; Neurons/drug effects
    • Abstract:
      Stimulants represent the first line pharmacological treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and are among the most prescribed psychopharmacological treatments. Their mechanism of action at synaptic level has been extensively studied. However, it is less clear how their mechanism of action determines clinically observed benefits. To help bridge this gap, we provide a comprehensive review of stimulant effects, with an emphasis on nuclear medicine and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings. There is evidence that stimulant-induced modulation of dopamine and norepinephrine neurotransmission optimizes engagement of task-related brain networks, increases perceived saliency, and reduces interference from the default mode network. An acute administration of stimulants may reduce brain alterations observed in untreated individuals in fronto-striato-parieto-cerebellar networks during tasks or at rest. Potential effects of prolonged treatment remain controversial. Overall, neuroimaging has fostered understanding on stimulant mechanism of action. However, studies are often limited by small samples, short or no follow-up, and methodological heterogeneity. Future studies should address age-related and longer-term effects, potential differences among stimulants, and predictors of treatment response.
      (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)
    • Contributed Indexing:
      Keywords: Amphetamine; Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD); Brain networks; Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); Methylphenidate; Pharmacodynamic; Positron emission tomography (PET); Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT); Stimulant
    • Accession Number:
      0 (Central Nervous System Stimulants)
    • Publication Date:
      Date Created: 20240804 Date Completed: 20240819 Latest Revision: 20240819
    • Publication Date:
      20240820
    • Accession Number:
      10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105841
    • Accession Number:
      39098738