Tooth Anatomy Inspector: A comprehensive assessment of an extended reality (XR) application designed for teaching and learning of root canal anatomy by students.

Item request has been placed! ×
Item request cannot be made. ×
loading   Processing Request
  • Additional Information
    • Source:
      Publisher: Blackwell Scientific Publications Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 8004996 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1365-2591 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 01432885 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Int Endod J Subsets: MEDLINE
    • Publication Information:
      Original Publication: Oxford, Blackwell Scientific Publications.
    • Subject Terms:
    • Abstract:
      Aim: To develop and evaluate a suitable software application for mobile devices designed for teaching root canal anatomy to undergraduate students in an informative and engaging manner.
      Methodology: Extracted human teeth were scanned by μCT and digitized by converting into STL files. An extended reality (XR) application illustrating the root canal anatomy of the scanned teeth was developed. Prior to deployment, undergraduate dental students were voluntarily asked about their expectations regarding an educational application on tooth anatomy. After a testing phase of the application on a mobile device and within a virtual reality environment, a subsequent evaluation was conducted to assess their overall experience in relation to their initial expectations. Data were analysed using Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and Mann-Whitney U test. The level of significance was set to .05 (p = .05).
      Results: The application was able to meet the expectations of the students in all categories (p < .466-.731). Furthermore, it was evaluated as user-friendly (98.2%) and highly motivating for the purpose of learning more on root canal anatomy (100%).
      Conclusion: Given the overwhelmingly positive reception from undergraduate dental students, the application emerges to be a promising supplementary teaching method for the endodontic curriculum.
      (© 2024 The Author(s). International Endodontic Journal published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of British Endodontic Society.)
    • References:
      Abdalla, R. (2020) Teaching dental anatomy & morphology: an updated clinical‐ & digital‐based learning module. European Journal of Dental Education, 24, 650–659.
      Ahmed, H.M.A., Neelakantan, P. & Dummer, P.M.H. (2018) A new system for classifying accessory canal morphology. International Endodontic Journal, 51, 164–176.
      Al‐Saud, L.M., Mushtaq, F., Allsop, M.J., Culmer, P.C., Mirghani, I., Yates, E. et al. (2017) Feedback and motor skill acquisition using a haptic dental simulator. European Journal of Dental Education, 21, 240–247.
      Alzahrani, N.M. (2020) Augmented reality: a systematic review of its benefits and challenges in e‐learning contexts. Applied Sciences, 10, 5660.
      Ba‐Hattab, R., Helvacioglu‐Yigit, D., Anweigi, L., Alhadeethi, T., Raja, M., Atique, S. et al. (2023) Impact of virtual reality simulation in endodontics on the learning experiences of undergraduate dental students. Applied Sciences, 13, 981.
      Basrani, B. & Versiani, M.A. (2019) Contemporary strategies for teaching internal anatomy of teeth. In: Versiani, M.A., Basrani, B. & Sousa‐Neto, M.D. (Eds.) The root canal anatomy in permanent dentition. Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 375–389.
      Bölek, K.A., De Jong, G. & Henssen, D. (2021) The effectiveness of the use of augmented reality in anatomy education: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Scientific Reports, 11, 15292.
      Chytas, D., Johnson, E.O., Piagkou, M., Mazarakis, A., Babis, G.C., Chronopoulos, E. et al. (2020) The role of augmented reality in anatomical education: an overview. Annals of Anatomy‐Anatomischer Anzeiger, 229, 151463.
      De Moor, R., Hulsmann, M., Kirkevang, L.L., Tanalp, J. & Whitworth, J. (2013) Undergraduate curriculum guidelines for endodontology. International Endodontic Journal, 46, 1105–1114.
      Deng, L., Tian, J., Cornwell, C., Phillips, V., Chen, L. & Alsuwaida, A. (2019) Towards an augmented reality‐based mobile math learning game system. HCI International 2019‐Posters: 21st International Conference, HCII 2019, July 26–31, 2019, Proceedings, Part III 21. Orlando, FL: Springer, pp. 217–225.
      Dixon, B.J., Daly, M.J., Chan, H., Vescan, A.D., Witterick, I.J. & Irish, J.C. (2013) Surgeons blinded by enhanced navigation: the effect of augmented reality on attention. Surgical Endoscopy, 27, 454–461.
      Gutiérrez, F., Pierce, J., Vergara, V., Coulter, R., Saland, L., Caudell, T. et al. (2007) The effect of degree of immersion upon learning performance in virtual reality simulations for medical education. Studies in Health Technology and Informatics, 125, 155–160.
      Heinich, R., Molenda, M., Russell, J.D. & Smaldino, S.E. (2001) Instructional media and technologies for learning. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Pearson Education.
      Juan, M., Alexandrescu, L., Folguera, F. & García García, I. (2016) A mobile augmented reality system for the learning of dental morphology. Digital Education Review, 30, 234–247.
      Kato, A., Ziegler, A., Utsumi, M., Ohno, K. & Takeichi, T. (2016) Three‐dimensional imaging of internal tooth structures: applications in dental education. Journal of Oral Biosciences, 58, 100–111.
      Khatoon, B., Hill, K. & Walmsley, A. (2014) Dental students' uptake of mobile technologies. British Dental Journal, 216, 669–673.
      Liebermann, A. & Erdelt, K. (2020) Virtual education: dental morphologies in a virtual teaching environment. Journal of Dental Education, 84, 1143–1150.
      Lone, M., Mohamed, M.A. & Toulouse, A. (2021) Development of an online tooth morphology course in response to COVID‐19 restrictions. Journal of Dental Education, 85, 1946–1948.
      Mitov, G., Dillschneider, T., Abed, M.R., Hohenberg, G. & Pospiech, P. (2010) Introducing and evaluating MorphoDent, a web‐based learning program in dental morphology. Journal of Dental Education, 74, 1133–1139.
      Moro, C., Birt, J., Stromberga, Z., Phelps, C., Clark, J., Glasziou, P. et al. (2021) Virtual and augmented reality enhancements to medical and science student physiology and anatomy test performance: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Anatomical Sciences Education, 14, 368–376.
      Mowery, D., Clayton, M., Hu, J. & Schleyer, T.K. (2010) Tooth Atlas 3D, version 6.3.0. Journal of Dental Education, 74, 1261–1264.
      Obrez, A., Briggs, C., Buckman, J., Goldstein, L., Lamb, C. & Knight, W.G. (2011) Teaching clinically relevant dental anatomy in the dental curriculum: description and assessment of an innovative module. Journal of Dental Education, 75, 797–804.
      Reymus, M., Liebermann, A. & Diegritz, C. (2020) Virtual reality: an effective tool for teaching root canal anatomy to undergraduate dental students–a preliminary study. International Endodontic Journal, 53, 1581–1587.
      Rung, A., Warnke, F. & Mattheos, N. (2014) Investigating the use of smartphones for learning purposes by Australian dental students. JMIR mHealth and uHealth, 2, e3120.
      Salajan, F.D., Mount, G.J. & Prakki, A. (2015) An assessment of students perceptions of learning benefits stemming from the design and instructional use of a Web3D Atlas. Electronic Journal of e‐Learning, 13, 120–137.
      Simons, D.J. & Chabris, C.F. (1999) Gorillas in our midst: sustained inattentional blindness for dynamic events. Perception, 28, 1059–1074.
      Vagg, T., Toulouse, A., O'mahony, C. & Lone, M. (2023) Visualizing anatomy in dental morphology education. In: Biomedical visualisation: volume 15–visualisation in teaching of biomedical and clinical subjects: anatomy, advanced microscopy and radiology. Cham: Springer.
      Vertucci, F.J. (1984) Root canal anatomy of the human permanent teeth. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, and Oral Pathology, 58, 589–599.
      Wright, E.F. & Hendricson, W.D. (2010) Evaluation of a 3‐D interactive tooth atlas by dental students in dental anatomy and endodontics courses. Journal of Dental Education, 74, 110–122.
      Zafar, S. & Zachar, J.J. (2020) Evaluation of HoloHuman augmented reality application as a novel educational tool in dentistry. European Journal of Dental Education, 24, 259–265.
      Zitzmann, N.U., Matthisson, L., Ohla, H. & Joda, T. (2020) Digital undergraduate education in dentistry: a systematic review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17, 3269.
    • Contributed Indexing:
      Keywords: augmented reality; endodontic education; mobile application; undergraduate students; virtual reality
    • Publication Date:
      Date Created: 20240724 Date Completed: 20241010 Latest Revision: 20241010
    • Publication Date:
      20241014
    • Accession Number:
      10.1111/iej.14124
    • Accession Number:
      39046181