Assessing the Potential of an Enzymatically Liberated Salmon Oil to Support Immune Health Recovery from Acute SARS-CoV-2 Infection via Change in the Expression of Cytokine, Chemokine and Interferon-Related Genes.

Publisher: MDPI Country of Publication: Switzerland NLM ID: 101092791 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1422-0067 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 14220067 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Int J Mol Sci Subsets: MEDLINE

Original Publication: Basel, Switzerland : MDPI, [2000-

Fish Oils*/pharmacology ; Fish Oils*/therapeutic use ; COVID-19*/immunology ; COVID-19*/virology ; Interferons*/metabolism ; Interferons*/genetics ; SARS-CoV-2*/immunology ; Cytokines*/metabolism ; Chemokines*/metabolism ; Chemokines*/genetics; Humans ; Male ; Female ; Middle Aged ; Adult ; COVID-19 Drug Treatment ; Fatty Acids, Omega-3/pharmacology

Cytokines, chemokines, and interferons are released in response to viral infection with the ultimate aim of viral clearance. However, in SARS-CoV-2 infection, there is an imbalanced immune response, with raised cytokine levels but only a limited interferon response with inefficient viral clearance. Furthermore, the inflammatory response can be exaggerated, which risks both acute and chronic sequelae. Several observational studies have suggested a reduced risk of progression to severe COVID-19 in subjects with a higher omega-3 index. However, randomized studies of omega-3 supplementation have failed to replicate this benefit. Omega-3 fats provide important anti-inflammatory effects; however, fatty fish contains many other fatty acids that provide health benefits distinct from omega-3. Therefore, the immune health benefit of whole salmon oil (SO) was assessed in adults with mild to moderate COVID-19. Eleven subjects were randomized to best supportive care (BSC) with or without a full spectrum, enzymatically liberated SO, dosed at 4g daily, for twenty-eight days. Nasal swabs were taken to measure the change in gene expression of markers of immune response and showed that the SO provided both broad inflammation-resolving effects and improved interferon response. The results also suggest improved lung barrier function and enhanced immune memory, although the clinical relevance needs to be assessed in longer-duration studies. In conclusion, the salmon oil was well tolerated and provided broad inflammation-resolving effects, indicating a potential to enhance immune health.

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20CCHH/OP110921 Hofseth BioCare

Keywords: COVID-19; chemokine; cytokine; gene expression; immune health; interferon; lipid mediators; long COVID

0 (Fish Oils)
9008-11-1 (Interferons)
0 (Cytokines)
0 (Chemokines)
68991-43-5 (salmon oil)
0 (Fatty Acids, Omega-3)

Date Created: 20240713 Date Completed: 20240713 Latest Revision: 20240831

20240901

PMC11241394

10.3390/ijms25136917

39000027