The role of glycerol in manufacturing freeze-dried chitosan and cellulose foams for mechanically stable scaffolds in skin tissue engineering.

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  • Additional Information
    • Source:
      Publisher: Elsevier Country of Publication: Netherlands NLM ID: 7909578 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1879-0003 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 01418130 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Int J Biol Macromol Subsets: MEDLINE
    • Publication Information:
      Publication: Amsterdam : Elsevier
      Original Publication: Guildford, Eng., IPC Science and Technology Press.
    • Subject Terms:
      Tissue Engineering*/methods ; Chitosan*/chemistry ; Glycerol*/chemistry ; Tissue Scaffolds*/chemistry ; Freeze Drying* ; Cellulose*/chemistry ; Skin*; Porosity ; Fibroblasts/cytology ; Fibroblasts/drug effects ; Cell Proliferation/drug effects ; Biocompatible Materials/chemistry ; Animals ; Tensile Strength ; Mechanical Phenomena ; Humans
    • Abstract:
      Various strategies have extensively explored enhancing the physical and biological properties of chitosan and cellulose scaffolds for skin tissue engineering. This study presents a straightforward method involving the addition of glycerol into highly porous structures of two polysaccharide complexes: chitosan/carboxymethyl cellulose (Chit/CMC) and chitosan/oxidized cellulose (Chit/OC); during a one-step freeze-drying process. Adding glycerol, especially to Chit/CMC, significantly increased stability, prevented degradation, and improved mechanical strength by nearly 50%. Importantly, after 21 days of incubation in enzymatic medium Chit/CMC scaffold has almost completely decomposed, while foams reinforced with glycerol exhibited only 40% mass loss. It is possible due to differences in multivalent cations and polymer chain contraction, resulting in varied hydrogen bonding and, consequently, distinct physicochemical outcomes. Additionally, the scaffolds with glycerol improved the cellular activities resulting in over 40% higher proliferation of fibroblast after 21 days of incubation. It was achieved by imparting water resistance to the highly absorbent material and aiding in achieving a balance between hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties. This study clearly indicates the possible elimination of additional crosslinkers and multiple fabrication steps that can reduce the cost of scaffold production for skin tissue engineering applications while tailoring mechanical strength and degradation.
      Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
      (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
    • Contributed Indexing:
      Keywords: Cellulose; Chitosan; Glycerol; Ionic complex; Tissue engineering
    • Accession Number:
      9012-76-4 (Chitosan)
      PDC6A3C0OX (Glycerol)
      9004-34-6 (Cellulose)
      0 (Biocompatible Materials)
    • Publication Date:
      Date Created: 20240704 Date Completed: 20240808 Latest Revision: 20240808
    • Publication Date:
      20240808
    • Accession Number:
      10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133602
    • Accession Number:
      38964681