Epigenetic developmental mechanisms underlying sex differences in cancer.

Publisher: American Society for Clinical Investigation Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 7802877 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1558-8238 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00219738 NLM ISO Abbreviation: J Clin Invest Subsets: MEDLINE

Publication: 1999- : Ann Arbor, MI : American Society for Clinical Investigation
Original Publication: New Haven [etc.] American Society for Clinical Investigation.

Neoplasms*/genetics ; Epigenesis, Genetic* ; Sex Characteristics*; Humans ; Female ; Male ; Animals ; X Chromosome Inactivation ; Gonadal Steroid Hormones/metabolism ; Genomic Imprinting

Cancer risk is modulated by hereditary and somatic mutations, exposures, age, sex, and gender. The mechanisms by which sex and gender work alone and in combination with other cancer risk factors remain underexplored. In general, cancers that occur in both the male and female sexes occur more commonly in XY compared with XX individuals, regardless of genetic ancestry, geographic location, and age. Moreover, XY individuals are less frequently cured of their cancers, highlighting the need for a greater understanding of sex and gender effects in oncology. This will be necessary for optimal laboratory and clinical cancer investigations. To that end, we review the epigenetics of sexual differentiation and its effect on cancer hallmark pathways throughout life. Specifically, we will touch on how sex differences in metabolism, immunity, pluripotency, and tumor suppressor functions are patterned through the epigenetic effects of imprinting, sex chromosome complement, X inactivation, genes escaping X inactivation, sex hormones, and life history.

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0 (Gonadal Steroid Hormones)

Date Created: 20240701 Date Completed: 20240701 Latest Revision: 20240703

20240703

PMC11213507

10.1172/JCI180071

38949020