Indirect Effects of PM 2.5 Exposure on COVID-19 Mortality in Greater Jakarta, Indonesia: An Ecological Study.

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  • Additional Information
    • Source:
      Publisher: Ubiquity Press Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 101620864 Publication Model: eCollection Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 2214-9996 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 22149996 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Ann Glob Health Subsets: MEDLINE
    • Publication Information:
      Publication: 2018- : London : Ubiquity Press
      Original Publication: Philadelphia, PA : Elsevier Inc., [2014]-
    • Subject Terms:
      Particulate Matter*/analysis ; COVID-19*/mortality ; COVID-19*/epidemiology ; Air Pollution*/adverse effects; Indonesia/epidemiology ; Humans ; Environmental Exposure/adverse effects ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Air Pollutants/analysis ; Cities/epidemiology
    • Abstract:
      Background: Air pollution, including PM 2.5 , was suggested as one of the primary contributors to COVID-19 fatalities worldwide. Jakarta, the capital city of Indonesia, was recognized as one of the ten most polluted cities globally. Additionally, the incidence of COVID-19 in Jakarta surpasses that of all other provinces in Indonesia. However, no study has investigated the correlation between PM 2.5 concentration and COVID-19 fatality in Jakarta.
      Objective: To investigate the correlation between short-term and long-term exposure to PM 2.5 and COVID-19 mortality in Greater Jakarta area.
      Methods: An ecological time-trend study was implemented. The data of PM 2.5 ambient concentration obtained from Nafas Indonesia and the National Institute for Aeronautics and Space ( LAPAN )/National Research and Innovation Agency ( BRIN ). The daily COVID-19 death data obtained from the City's Health Office.
      Findings: Our study unveiled an intriguing pattern: while short-term exposure to PM 2.5 showed a negative correlation with COVID-19 mortality, suggesting it might not be the sole factor in causing fatalities, long-term exposure demonstrated a positive correlation. This suggests that COVID-19 mortality is more strongly influenced by prolonged PM 2.5 exposure rather than short-term exposure alone. Specifically, our regression analysis estimate that a 50 µg/m3 increase in long-term average PM 2.5 could lead to an 11.9% rise in the COVID-19 mortality rate.
      Conclusion: Our research, conducted in one of the most polluted areas worldwide, offers compelling evidence regarding the influence of PM 2.5 exposure on COVID-19 mortality rates. It emphasizes the importance of recognizing air pollution as a critical risk factor for the severity of viral respiratory infections.
      Competing Interests: The authors have no competing interests to declare.
      (Copyright: © 2024 The Author(s).)
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    • Contributed Indexing:
      Keywords: Air pollution; COVID-19 mortality; Greater Jakarta cities; PM2.5
    • Accession Number:
      0 (Particulate Matter)
      0 (Air Pollutants)
    • Publication Date:
      Date Created: 20240603 Date Completed: 20240603 Latest Revision: 20240604
    • Publication Date:
      20240604
    • Accession Number:
      PMC11141510
    • Accession Number:
      10.5334/aogh.4411
    • Accession Number:
      38827538