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Cytokine profiles of mild-to-moderate SARS-CoV-2 infected and recovered pre-vaccinated individuals residing in Indonesia.
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- Author(s): Megasari NLA;Megasari NLA;Megasari NLA; Khairunisa SQ; Khairunisa SQ; Arizandy RY; Arizandy RY; Wijaksana IKE; Wijaksana IKE; Wungu CDK; Wungu CDK; Wungu CDK
- Source:
PeerJ [PeerJ] 2024 Apr 18; Vol. 12, pp. e17257. Date of Electronic Publication: 2024 Apr 18 (Print Publication: 2024).- Publication Type:
Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't- Language:
English - Source:
- Additional Information
- Source: Publisher: PeerJ Inc Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 101603425 Publication Model: eCollection Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 2167-8359 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 21678359 NLM ISO Abbreviation: PeerJ Subsets: MEDLINE
- Publication Information: Original Publication: Corte Madera, CA : PeerJ Inc.
- Subject Terms: COVID-19*/blood ; COVID-19*/immunology ; COVID-19*/epidemiology ; COVID-19*/prevention & control ; Cytokines*/blood ; SARS-CoV-2*/immunology; Humans ; Indonesia/epidemiology ; Male ; Female ; Adult ; Middle Aged ; Severity of Illness Index ; Case-Control Studies ; Young Adult ; COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology ; COVID-19 Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Abstract: Background: Accumulating evidence suggests the involvement of cytokine-mediated inflammation, in clinical severity and death related to SARS-CoV-2 infection, especially among pre-vaccinated individuals. An increased risk of death was also described among SARS-CoV-2 recovered individuals, which might be correlated with prolonged inflammatory responses. Despite being among the countries with the highest cumulative deaths due to COVID-19, evidence regarding cytokine profiles among SARS-CoV-2 infected and recovered pre-vaccinated individuals in Indonesia is scarce. Thus, this study aimed to describe the cytokines profiles of pre-vaccinated individuals residing in Indonesia, with mild-to-moderate SARS-CoV-2 infection and those who recovered.
Methods: Sixty-one sera from 24 hospitalized patients with mild-to-moderate SARS-CoV-2 infection, 24 individuals recovered from asymptomatic-to-moderate SARS-CoV-2 infection, and 13 healthy controls unexposed to SARS-CoV-2 were used in this study. Quantification of serum cytokine levels, including IL-6, IL-8, IP-10, TNF- α , CCL-2, CCL-3, CCL-4, and CXCL-13, was performed using a Luminex multi-analyte-profiling (xMAP)-based assay.
Results: The levels of IL-8 along with CCL-2 and CCL-4, were significantly higher ( p ≤ 0.01) in hospitalized patients with mild-to-moderate SARS-CoV-2 infection and recovered individuals compared to healthy controls. However, no significant difference was observed in these cytokine levels between infected and recovered individuals. On the other hand, there were no significant differences in several other cytokine levels, including IL-6, IL-10, TNF- α , CCL-3, and CXCL-13, among all groups.
Conclusion: IL-8, CCL-2, and CCL-4 were significantly elevated in pre-vaccinated Indonesian individuals with mild-to-moderate SARS-CoV-2 infection and those who recovered. The cytokine profiles described in this study might indicate inflammatory responses not only among SARS-CoV-2 infected, but also recovered individuals.
Competing Interests: The authors declare there are no competing interests.
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JCI Insight. 2020 Jul 9;5(13):. (PMID: 32501293) - Contributed Indexing: Keywords: COVID-19; Inflammatory cytokines; Mild-to-moderate infection; SARS-CoV-2; Vaccination
- Accession Number: 0 (Cytokines)
0 (COVID-19 Vaccines) - Publication Date: Date Created: 20240422 Date Completed: 20240423 Latest Revision: 20240426
- Publication Date: 20240426
- Accession Number: PMC11032655
- Accession Number: 10.7717/peerj.17257
- Accession Number: 38646483
- Source:
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