Associations of muscle mass and strength with new-onset diabetes among middle-aged and older adults: evidence from the China health and retirement longitudinal study (CHARLS).

Publisher: Springer Verlag Country of Publication: Germany NLM ID: 9200299 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1432-5233 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 09405429 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Acta Diabetol Subsets: MEDLINE

Publication: Berlin : Springer Verlag
Original Publication: Berlin : Springer International, c1991-

Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2*/epidemiology ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2*/physiopathology ; Muscle, Skeletal*/physiopathology; Humans ; Male ; Female ; Middle Aged ; Longitudinal Studies ; China/epidemiology ; Aged ; Muscle Strength/physiology ; Hand Strength/physiology ; Risk Factors ; Retirement/statistics & numerical data

Background: The associations of muscle mass and strength with new-onset Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) remain controversial. We aimed to longitudinally evaluate muscle mass and strength in predicting T2DM among Chinese middle-aged and older adults.
Methods: We enrolled 6033 participants aged ≥ 45 years from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS), a cohort survey, between 2011 and 2012. The appendicular skeletal muscle mass (normalized by weight, ASM/BW%), relative hand grip strength (normalized by weight, HGS/BW), and five-repetition chair stand test (5CST). were all categorized into tertiles (lowest, middle, and highest groups) at baseline, respectively. Individuals were followed up until the occurrence of diabetes or the end of CHARLS 2018, whichever happened first. Cox proportional hazards models to calculate hazard ratios with 95% confidence intervals (CI) and mediation analysis were used.
Results: During follow-up, 815 (13.5%) participants developed T2DM. After adjusting for covariates, lower ASW/BW% was not associated with a higher risk of diabetes. Compared with individuals in the highest tertile of HGS/BW, those in the lowest tertile had 1.296 (95%CI 1.073-1.567) higher risk of diabetes. Compared with individuals in the lowest tertile of 5CST, those in the highest tertile had 1.329 times (95%CI 1.106-1.596) higher risk of diabetes. By subgroup, both the lowest HGS/BW and highest 5CST were risk factors for diabetes among obesity. The mediation analysis revealed that the effect of HGS/BW on the risk of diabetes is mainly mediated by insulin resistance.
Conclusions: Lower muscle strength is associated with an increased risk of diabetes, especially in obese populations.
(© 2024. Springer-Verlag Italia S.r.l., part of Springer Nature.)

Saeedi P, Petersohn I, Salpea P et al (2019) Global and regional diabetes prevalence estimates for 2019 and projections for 2030 and 2045: results from the international diabetes federation diabetes atlas, 9(th) edition. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 157:107843. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2019.107843. (PMID: 10.1016/j.diabres.2019.10784331518657)
Li Y, Teng D, Shi X et al (2020) Prevalence of diabetes recorded in mainland China using 2018 diagnostic criteria from the American diabetes association: national cross sectional study. BMJ (Clin Rese Ed) 369:m997. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m997. (PMID: 10.1136/bmj.m997)
Merz KE, Thurmond DC (2020) Role of skeletal muscle in insulin resistance and glucose uptake. Compr Physiol 10(3):785–809. https://doi.org/10.1002/cphy.c190029. (PMID: 10.1002/cphy.c190029329409418074531)
Mizgier ML, Casas M, Contreras-Ferrat A et al (2014) Potential role of skeletal muscle glucose metabolism on the regulation of insulin secretion. Obes Rev 15(7):587–597. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12166. (PMID: 10.1111/obr.1216624618283)
Cleasby ME, Jamieson PM, Atherton PJ (2016) Insulin resistance and sarcopenia: mechanistic links between common co-morbidities. J Endocrinol 229(2):R67-81. https://doi.org/10.1530/joe-15-0533. (PMID: 10.1530/joe-15-053326931135)
Nishikawa H, Asai A, Fukunishi S et al (2021) Metabolic syndrome and sarcopenia. Nutrients 13(10):3519. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13103519. (PMID: 10.3390/nu13103519346845208541622)
DeFronzo RA, Tripathy D (2009) Skeletal muscle insulin resistance is the primary defect in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 32(Suppl 2):S157–S163. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc09-S302. (PMID: 10.2337/dc09-S302198755442811436)
Evans PL, McMillin SL, Weyrauch LA et al (2019) Regulation of skeletal muscle glucose transport and glucose metabolism by exercise training. Nutrients 11(10):2432. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11102432. (PMID: 10.3390/nu11102432316147626835691)
Consitt LA, Dudley C, Saxena G (2019) Impact of endurance and resistance training on skeletal muscle glucose metabolism in older adults. Nutrients 11(11):2636. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112636. (PMID: 10.3390/nu11112636316841546893763)
Moon SS (2014) Low skeletal muscle mass is associated with insulin resistance, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome in the Korean population: the Korea national health and nutrition examination survey (KNHANES) 2009–2010. Endocr J 61(1):61–70. https://doi.org/10.1507/endocrj.ej13-0244. (PMID: 10.1507/endocrj.ej13-024424088600)
Chen LY, Xia MF, Wu L et al (2021) Skeletal muscle loss is associated with diabetes in middle-aged and older Chinese men without non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. World J Diabetes 12(12):2119–2129. https://doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v12.i12.2119. (PMID: 10.4239/wjd.v12.i12.2119350471258696641)
Son JW, Lee SS, Kim SR et al (2017) Low muscle mass and risk of type 2 diabetes in middle-aged and older adults: findings from the KoGES. Diabetologia 60(5):865–872. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-016-4196-9. (PMID: 10.1007/s00125-016-4196-928102434)
Li JJ, Wittert GA, Vincent A et al (2016) Muscle grip strength predicts incident type 2 diabetes: population-based cohort study. Metab, Clin Exp 65(6):883–892. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2016.03.011. (PMID: 10.1016/j.metabol.2016.03.01127173467)
Bohannon RW (2015) Muscle strength: clinical and prognostic value of hand-grip dynamometry. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 18(5):465–470. https://doi.org/10.1097/mco.0000000000000202. (PMID: 10.1097/mco.000000000000020226147527)
Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Bahat G, Bauer J et al (2019) Sarcopenia: revised European consensus on definition and diagnosis. Age Ageing 48(1):16–31. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afy169. (PMID: 10.1093/ageing/afy16930312372)
Larsen BA, Wassel CL, Kritchevsky SB et al (2016) Association of muscle mass, area, and strength with incident diabetes in older adults: the health ABC study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 101(4):1847–1855. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2015-3643. (PMID: 10.1210/jc.2015-3643269301804880161)
Leong DP, Teo KK, Rangarajan S et al (2015) Prognostic value of grip strength: findings from the prospective urban rural epidemiology (PURE) study. Lancet (London, England) 386(9990):266–273. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(14)62000-6. (PMID: 10.1016/s0140-6736(14)62000-625982160)
Boonpor J, Parra-Soto S, Petermann-Rocha F et al (2021) Associations between grip strength and incident type 2 diabetes: findings from the UK Biobank prospective cohort study. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care 9(1):e001865. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjdrc-2020-001865. (PMID: 10.1136/bmjdrc-2020-001865343538788344322)
Wander PL, Boyko EJ, Leonetti DL et al (2011) Greater hand-grip strength predicts a lower risk of developing type 2 diabetes over 10 years in leaner Japanese Americans. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 92(2):261–264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2011.01.007. (PMID: 10.1016/j.diabres.2011.01.007212819743910507)
Momma H, Sawada SS, Kato K et al (2019) Physical fitness tests and type 2 diabetes among japanese: a longitudinal study from the niigata wellness study. J Epidemiol 29(4):139–146. https://doi.org/10.2188/jea.JE20170280. (PMID: 10.2188/jea.JE20170280300586136414803)
Zhao Y, Hu Y, Smith JP et al (2014) Cohort profile: the china health and retirement longitudinal study (CHARLS). Int J Epidemiol 43(1):61–68. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dys203. (PMID: 10.1093/ije/dys20323243115)
Qiu S, Cai X, Xie B et al (2022) Normalized creatinine-to-cystatin c ratio and risk of diabetes in middle-aged and older adults: the China health and retirement longitudinal study. Diabetes Metab J 46(3):476–485. https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2021.0074. (PMID: 10.4093/dmj.2021.0074352492749171165)
Chinese Society of Endocrinology (CSE), Diabetes Society of China Association of Chinese Medicine (DSCACM), Chinese Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery (CSMBS) et al (2021) Multidisciplinary clinical consensus on diagnosis and treatment of obesity. Chin J Endocrinol Metabol 37(11):959–972.
Bello-Chavolla OY, Almeda-Valdes P, Gomez-Velasco D et al (2018) METS-IR, a novel score to evaluate insulin sensitivity, is predictive of visceral adiposity and incident type 2 diabetes. Eur J Endocrinol 178(5):533–544. https://doi.org/10.1530/EJE-17-0883. (PMID: 10.1530/EJE-17-088329535168)
Wen X, Wang M, Jiang CM et al (2011) Anthropometric equation for estimation of appendicular skeletal muscle mass in Chinese adults. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 20(4):551–556. (PMID: 22094840)
Zhang L, Guo L, Wu H et al (2019) Role of physical performance measures for identifying functional disability among Chinese older adults: data from the China health and retirement longitudinal study. PLoS ONE 14(4):e0215693. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0215693. (PMID: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215693309987576472820)
Wu X, Li X, Xu M et al (2021) Sarcopenia prevalence and associated factors among older Chinese population: findings from the China health and retirement longitudinal study. PLoS ONE 16(3):e0247617. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247617. (PMID: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247617336619647932529)
Zhang H, Lin S, Gao T et al (2018) Association between sarcopenia and metabolic syndrome in middle-aged and older non-obese adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients 10(3):364. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10030364. (PMID: 10.3390/nu10030364295475735872782)
Song P, Han P, Zhao Y et al (2021) Muscle mass rather than muscle strength or physical performance is associated with metabolic syndrome in community-dwelling older Chinese adults. BMC Geriatr 21(1):191. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-021-02143-8. (PMID: 10.1186/s12877-021-02143-8337409147980667)
Srikanthan P, Karlamangla AS (2011) Relative muscle mass is inversely associated with insulin resistance and prediabetes findings from the third national health and nutrition examination survey. J Clin Endocrinol Metaboli 96(9):2898–2903. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2011-0435. (PMID: 10.1210/jc.2011-0435)
Hong S, Chang Y, Jung HS et al (2017) Relative muscle mass and the risk of incident type 2 diabetes: a cohort study. PLoS ONE 12(11):e0188650. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0188650. (PMID: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188650291907095708784)
Park SW, Goodpaster BH, Lee JS et al (2009) Excessive loss of skeletal muscle mass in older adults with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 32(11):1993–1997. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc09-0264. (PMID: 10.2337/dc09-0264195497342768193)
Lee N, Choi CJ (2019) Smoking and diabetes as predictive factors of accelerated loss of muscle mass in middle-aged and older women: a six-year retrospective cohort study. J Womens Health(2002) 28(10):1391–1398. https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2018.7527. (PMID: 10.1089/jwh.2018.7527)
Marques-Vidal P, Vollenweider P, Waeber G et al (2017) Grip strength is not associated with incident type 2 diabetes mellitus in healthy adults: the CoLaus study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 132:144–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2017.08.004. (PMID: 10.1016/j.diabres.2017.08.00428863331)
Tarp J, Støle AP, Blond K et al (2019) Cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular strength and risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetologia 62(7):1129–1142. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-019-4867-4. (PMID: 10.1007/s00125-019-4867-4310117786560020)
Qiu S, Cai X, Yuan Y et al (2022) Muscle strength and prediabetes progression and regression in middle-aged and older adults: a prospective cohort study. J Cachex Sarcopenia Muscle 13(2):909–918. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.12905. (PMID: 10.1002/jcsm.12905)
Lee MJ, Khang AR, Yi D et al (2022) Low relative hand grip strength is associated with a higher risk for diabetes and impaired fasting glucose among the Korean population. PLoS ONE 17(10):e0275746. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0275746. (PMID: 10.1371/journal.pone.0275746362015569536551)
Jang BN, Nari F, Kim S et al (2020) Association between relative handgrip strength and prediabetes among South Korean adults. PLoS ONE 15(10):e0240027. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0240027. (PMID: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240027330020677529255)
Chen LK, Woo J, Assantachai P et al (2020) asian working group for sarcopenia: 2019 consensus update on sarcopenia diagnosis and treatment. J Am Med Dir Assoc 21(3):300–7.e2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2019.12.012. (PMID: 10.1016/j.jamda.2019.12.01232033882)
Gao K, Cao LF, Ma WZ et al (2022) Association between sarcopenia and cardiovascular disease among middle-aged and older adults: findings from the China health and retirement longitudinal study. EClinicalMedicine 44:101264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.101264. (PMID: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.101264350596178760427)
Qiu S, Cai X, Yang B et al (2019) association between cardiorespiratory fitness and risk of type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis. Obes (Silver Spring Md) 27(2):315–324. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.22368. (PMID: 10.1002/oby.22368)

Keywords: CHARLS; Middle-aged and elderly; Muscle mass; Muscle strength; Type 2 diabetes mellitus

Date Created: 20240320 Date Completed: 20240617 Latest Revision: 20240617

20240619

10.1007/s00592-024-02265-6

38507082