Application of facial neuromuscular electrical stimulation (fNMES) in psychophysiological research: Practical recommendations based on a systematic review of the literature.

Publisher: Springer Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 101244316 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1554-3528 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 1554351X NLM ISO Abbreviation: Behav Res Methods Subsets: MEDLINE

Publication: 2010- : New York : Springer
Original Publication: Austin, Tex. : Psychonomic Society, c2005-

Facial Muscles*/physiology ; Electric Stimulation*/methods ; Psychophysiology*/methods; Humans ; Emotions/physiology

Facial neuromuscular electrical stimulation (fNMES), which allows for the non-invasive and physiologically sound activation of facial muscles, has great potential for investigating fundamental questions in psychology and neuroscience, such as the role of proprioceptive facial feedback in emotion induction and emotion recognition, and may serve for clinical applications, such as alleviating symptoms of depression. However, despite illustrious origins in the 19th-century work of Duchenne de Boulogne, the practical application of fNMES remains largely unknown to today's researchers in psychology. In addition, published studies vary dramatically in the stimulation parameters used, such as stimulation frequency, amplitude, duration, and electrode size, and in the way they reported them. Because fNMES parameters impact the comfort and safety of volunteers, as well as its physiological (and psychological) effects, it is of paramount importance to establish recommendations of good practice and to ensure studies can be better compared and integrated. Here, we provide an introduction to fNMES, systematically review the existing literature focusing on the stimulation parameters used, and offer recommendations on how to safely and reliably deliver fNMES and on how to report the fNMES parameters to allow better cross-study comparison. In addition, we provide a free webpage, to easily visualise fNMES parameters and verify their safety based on current density. As an example of a potential application, we focus on the use of fNMES for the investigation of the facial feedback hypothesis.
(© 2023. The Author(s).)

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P 32637-B Austrian Science Fund

Keywords: Electrical stimulation; Emotion; Facial feedback; Facial muscles; NMES

Date Created: 20231020 Date Completed: 20240529 Latest Revision: 20240621

20240622

PMC11133044

10.3758/s13428-023-02262-7

37864116