Age-dependent immune responses in COVID-19-mediated liver injury: focus on cytokines.

Publisher: Frontiers Research Foundation] Country of Publication: Switzerland NLM ID: 101555782 Publication Model: eCollection Cited Medium: Print ISSN: 1664-2392 (Print) Linking ISSN: 16642392 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) Subsets: MEDLINE

Original Publication: [Lausanne : Frontiers Research Foundation]

COVID-19*/complications; Adult ; Aged ; Humans ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Liver ; Aging ; Cytokines

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is potentially pathogenic and causes severe symptoms; in addition to respiratory syndromes, patients might experience other severe conditions such as digestive complications and liver complications injury. The abnormality in the liver is manifested by hepatobiliary dysfunction and enzymatic elevation, which is associated with morbidity and mortality. The direct cytopathic effect, immune dysfunction, cytokine storm, and adverse effects of therapeutic regimens have a crucial role in the severity of liver injury. According to aging and immune system alterations, cytokine patterns may also change in the elderly. Moreover, hyperproduction of cytokines in the inflammatory response to SARS-CoV-2 can lead to multi-organ dysfunction. The mortality rate in elderly patients, particularly those with other comorbidities, is also higher than in adults. Although the pathogenic effect of SARS-CoV-2 on the liver has been widely studied, the impact of age and immune-mediated responses at different ages remain unclear. This review discusses the association between immune system responses in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients of different ages and liver injury, focusing on cytokine alterations.
Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
(Copyright © 2023 Aghamohamadi, Shahba, Zarezadeh Mehrabadi, Khorramdelazad, Karimi, Falak and Emameh.)

Cureus. 2020 Jul 27;12(7):e9424. (PMID: 32864250)
Cell Immunol. 1995 Sep;164(2):170-5. (PMID: 7656324)
World J Gastroenterol. 2020 May 21;26(19):2286-2293. (PMID: 32476793)
Liver Int. 2020 Aug;40(8):1901-1905. (PMID: 32478465)
J Immunol. 2008 Apr 15;180(8):5283-90. (PMID: 18390709)
Nat Med. 2012 Oct;18(10):1518-24. (PMID: 23023500)
Autoimmun Rev. 2020 Jul;19(7):102572. (PMID: 32376393)
Int J Sports Med. 2000 May;21 Suppl 1:S4-9. (PMID: 10893017)
Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2020 Mar;24(6):3390-3396. (PMID: 32271456)
Immun Inflamm Dis. 2021 Dec;9(4):1186-1196. (PMID: 34472718)
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011 Dec 13;108(50):20012-7. (PMID: 22123971)
Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 2020 Oct 05;53:e20200477. (PMID: 33027418)
N Engl J Med. 2020 May 7;382(19):1787-1799. (PMID: 32187464)
Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2019 Aug 22;5(1):58. (PMID: 31439850)
Clin Sci (Lond). 2018 Jun 21;132(12):1243-1252. (PMID: 29930142)
World J Gastroenterol. 2021 Jul 14;27(26):3951-3970. (PMID: 34326607)
Transpl Int. 2009 Nov;22(11):1041-50. (PMID: 19624493)
Am J Med. 2003 Sep;115(4):278-83. (PMID: 12967692)
J Clin Microbiol. 2020 Apr 23;58(5):. (PMID: 32161092)
Exp Gerontol. 2002 Jan-Mar;37(2-3):389-94. (PMID: 11772525)
JAMA. 2020 Sep 15;324(11):1048-1057. (PMID: 32821939)
Annu Rev Med. 2000;51:245-70. (PMID: 10774463)
J Immunol. 2014 Mar 15;192(6):2689-98. (PMID: 24510963)
Curr Opin Immunol. 2005 Oct;17(5):457-62. (PMID: 16084711)
Exp Gerontol. 2008 Feb;43(2):61-5. (PMID: 17870272)
Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2013 Aug;27(4):471-83. (PMID: 24090936)
J Immunol. 2011 Nov 15;187(10):5357-62. (PMID: 21964025)
J Immunol. 1999 Jun 1;162(11):6572-9. (PMID: 10352273)
Infection. 2020 Oct;48(5):779-782. (PMID: 32418190)
Lancet Respir Med. 2020 Apr;8(4):420-422. (PMID: 32085846)
Virol J. 2021 Jun 9;18(1):121. (PMID: 34108015)
Drug Discov Ther. 2020;14(1):58-60. (PMID: 32147628)
Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz). 2016 Apr;64(2):111-26. (PMID: 26658771)
Immun Ageing. 2013 May 15;10(1):19. (PMID: 23675689)
J Clin Med. 2020 May 11;9(5):. (PMID: 32403255)
Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021 Dec 1;33(1S Suppl 1):e42-e49. (PMID: 33405427)
Semin Immunol. 2012 Oct;24(5):342-9. (PMID: 22560930)
World J Gastroenterol. 2021 Dec 7;27(45):7855-7858. (PMID: 34963747)
Aging Cell. 2013 Apr;12(2):303-11. (PMID: 23410004)
J Hepatol. 2021 Nov;75(5):1248-1249. (PMID: 34129886)
Mech Ageing Dev. 2006 Jun;127(6):560-6. (PMID: 16516272)
Hepatology. 2022 Dec;76(6):1576-1586. (PMID: 35567545)
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Mar 23;107(12):5465-70. (PMID: 20304793)
JAMA. 2020 Mar 17;323(11):1061-1069. (PMID: 32031570)
Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021 Jul 1;33(7):990-995. (PMID: 32639420)
J Immunol. 1993 Apr 15;150(8 Pt 1):3602-14. (PMID: 8096853)
Blood. 2011 Aug 4;118(5):1294-304. (PMID: 21562046)
Biogerontology. 2002;3(5):271-90. (PMID: 12237564)
J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 1999 Jul;54(7):M357-64. (PMID: 10462168)
World J Gastroenterol. 2021 Mar 7;27(9):835-853. (PMID: 33727773)
Front Physiol. 2021 Jan 12;11:571416. (PMID: 33510644)
Viruses. 2021 Jun 18;13(6):. (PMID: 34207116)
Mech Ageing Dev. 2003 Apr;124(4):487-93. (PMID: 12714257)
Cell. 2014 Nov 6;159(4):709-13. (PMID: 25417146)
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012 Apr 10;109(15):E879-88. (PMID: 22434910)
N Engl J Med. 2020 Apr 30;382(18):1708-1720. (PMID: 32109013)
Aging Cell. 2004 Dec;3(6):443-8. (PMID: 15569360)
Nat Rev Immunol. 2018 Dec;18(12):773-789. (PMID: 30254251)
J Infect Chemother. 2021 Feb;27(2):390-392. (PMID: 33402301)
Arch Toxicol. 2020 Apr;94(4):1367-1369. (PMID: 32266419)
Hum Immunol. 2000 Sep;61(9):908-16. (PMID: 11053634)
Infect Chemother. 2020 Sep;52(3):369-380. (PMID: 32757500)
Exerc Immunol Rev. 2015;21:154-63. (PMID: 25826292)
Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Jul 28;71(15):769-777. (PMID: 32176772)
JAMA. 2020 May 26;323(20):2052-2059. (PMID: 32320003)
Mech Ageing Dev. 1992 May;63(3):297-307. (PMID: 1614227)
Cureus. 2021 Sep 1;13(9):e17650. (PMID: 34650842)
Cytokine. 2015 Jul;74(1):27-34. (PMID: 25481648)
Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2014 Sep 04;6(10):a016295. (PMID: 25190079)
Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2021 Mar;87(3):1578-1581. (PMID: 32627226)
Front Microbiol. 2021 Mar 17;12:614494. (PMID: 33815307)
Cureus. 2020 Oct 13;12(10):e10923. (PMID: 33194489)
Med. 2020 Dec 18;1(1):105-113.e4. (PMID: 32838353)
World J Gastroenterol. 2021 Feb 7;27(5):377-390. (PMID: 33584070)
Gerontology. 1996;42(2):69-78. (PMID: 9138976)
Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2020 Jun;102(6):1214-1216. (PMID: 32314698)
J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2013 Dec;14(12):877-82. (PMID: 23792036)
Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Jul 28;71(15):762-768. (PMID: 32161940)
Therap Adv Gastroenterol. 2020 Oct 7;13:1756284820959183. (PMID: 33101458)
Dis Markers. 2021 Oct 08;2021:2571912. (PMID: 34650648)
Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2020 Jan 14;10:861. (PMID: 31993018)
World J Gastroenterol. 2022 Dec 7;28(45):6314-6327. (PMID: 36533104)
N Engl J Med. 2020 Aug 6;383(6):517-525. (PMID: 32492293)
Cells. 2021 Nov 30;10(12):. (PMID: 34943881)
Lancet. 2020 May 16;395(10236):1569-1578. (PMID: 32423584)
J Infect Dis. 2004 Feb 15;189(4):648-51. (PMID: 14767818)
Cell Death Dis. 2019 Apr 25;10(5):346. (PMID: 31024004)
Autoimmun Rev. 2020 Jul;19(7):102567. (PMID: 32376392)
Microb Pathog. 2021 Mar;152:104554. (PMID: 33157216)
World J Gastroenterol. 2020 Aug 28;26(32):4753-4762. (PMID: 32921955)
Emerg Microbes Infect. 2020 Dec;9(1):761-770. (PMID: 32228226)
Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Nov 5;71(8):1937-1942. (PMID: 32301997)
Infect Drug Resist. 2020 Dec 29;13:4673-4695. (PMID: 33402839)
Clin Infect Dis. 2021 Apr 8;72(7):1256-1258. (PMID: 32594120)
Mech Ageing Dev. 1998 Feb 16;100(3):313-28. (PMID: 9578118)
Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2020 Oct;108(4):791-797. (PMID: 32324898)
Scand J Immunol. 1997 Apr;45(4):401-7. (PMID: 9105428)
Aging Cell. 2004 Aug;3(4):161-7. (PMID: 15268749)
Disaster Med Public Health Prep. 2020 Dec;14(6):826-832. (PMID: 32418550)
Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol. 2020 Oct 6;36:551-574. (PMID: 33021823)
Blood. 2011 Aug 4;118(5):1305-15. (PMID: 21543762)
Nat Immunol. 2013 May;14(5):428-36. (PMID: 23598398)
BMJ Case Rep. 2021 Jul 30;14(7):. (PMID: 34330722)
Front Med (Lausanne). 2021 Sep 20;8:731436. (PMID: 34616757)
J Gastroenterol. 2021 Mar;56(3):218-230. (PMID: 33527211)
J Hepatol. 2020 Nov;73(5):1231-1240. (PMID: 32553666)
J Autoimmun. 2022 Oct;132:102874. (PMID: 35985054)
Gerontology. 1986;32(6):308-16. (PMID: 3582991)
Pharmacol Res. 2020 Aug;158:104899. (PMID: 32407959)
J Transl Autoimmun. 2022;5:100140. (PMID: 35013724)
Clin Exp Immunol. 2000 Mar;119(3):433-40. (PMID: 10691914)
Rheumatol Int. 2011 Jan;31(1):79-84. (PMID: 19885660)
Dig Liver Dis. 2021 Feb;53(2):158-165. (PMID: 32873520)
Cells. 2020 Oct 29;9(11):. (PMID: 33138195)
Lancet Rheumatol. 2020 Aug;2(8):e474-e484. (PMID: 32835257)
Exp Gerontol. 2007 May;42(5):421-6. (PMID: 17182207)
Dig Dis Sci. 2022 Sep;67(9):4574-4580. (PMID: 35486203)
BMC Infect Dis. 2020 Dec 14;20(1):954. (PMID: 33317461)
Front Biosci. 2005 Jan 01;10:192-215. (PMID: 15574362)
J Med Virol. 2021 Jan;93(1):250-256. (PMID: 32592501)
Eur J Immunol. 2021 Sep;51(9):2274-2280. (PMID: 33963542)
Immunol Rev. 2016 Jan;269(1):118-29. (PMID: 26683149)
Hepatology. 2004 Feb;39(2):302-10. (PMID: 14767982)
Life Sci. 2020 Sep 15;257:118097. (PMID: 32679148)
Front Immunol. 2018 Apr 09;9:586. (PMID: 29686666)
Front Immunol. 2021 Jan 29;12:626235. (PMID: 33584733)
Front Immunol. 2021 Jun 25;12:700926. (PMID: 34249006)
J Pathol. 2004 Jun;203(2):631-7. (PMID: 15141377)
J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2020 Sep;146(3):518-534.e1. (PMID: 32896310)
Drug Saf. 2021 Sep;44(9):929-938. (PMID: 34339037)
Cureus. 2021 Jul 19;13(7):e16491. (PMID: 34430106)
Womens Health (Lond). 2021 Jan-Dec;17:17455065211022262. (PMID: 34096383)
Liver Int. 2022 May;42(5):1204-1205. (PMID: 35230737)
J Leukoc Biol. 2001 Dec;70(6):881-6. (PMID: 11739550)
J Immunol. 1989 Jan 15;142(2):549-53. (PMID: 2783442)
World J Clin Cases. 2021 Aug 6;9(22):6178-6200. (PMID: 34434987)
Life Sci. 2021 Mar 15;269:119010. (PMID: 33454368)
Gut. 2022 Nov;71(11):2350-2362. (PMID: 35701093)
Br J Pharmacol. 2012 Mar;165(6):1978-1991. (PMID: 21951209)
Drugs. 2003;63(8):769-802. (PMID: 12662125)
United European Gastroenterol J. 2020 Jun;8(5):509-519. (PMID: 32450787)
Gut. 2021 Apr;70(4):807-809. (PMID: 32669289)
Nature. 2020 Jun;582(7813):469. (PMID: 32546811)
Exp Gerontol. 2013 Dec;48(12):1379-86. (PMID: 24055797)
Burns Trauma. 2014 Jul 28;2(3):97-105. (PMID: 27602369)
N Engl J Med. 2020 Dec 10;383(24):2333-2344. (PMID: 33085857)
J Autoimmun. 2021 Sep;123:102688. (PMID: 34225251)
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Jun 28;102(26):9194-9. (PMID: 15967997)
JHEP Rep. 2021 Jun;3(3):100258. (PMID: 33644724)
J Hepatol. 2020 Sep;73(3):566-574. (PMID: 32298767)
J Leukoc Biol. 2000 Jan;67(1):40-5. (PMID: 10647996)
J Hepatol. 2021 Jul;75(1):222-224. (PMID: 33862041)
Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022 May;19(5):277-278. (PMID: 35301465)
J Immunol. 2000 Feb 15;164(4):2180-7. (PMID: 10657672)
JCI Insight. 2020 Sep 3;5(17):. (PMID: 32706339)
Clin Exp Immunol. 1998 Aug;113(2):213-9. (PMID: 9717970)
Thorax. 2002 May;57(5):383-7. (PMID: 11978911)
Liver Int. 2020 Jun;40(6):1278-1281. (PMID: 32251539)
Immun Ageing. 2013 Aug 19;10(1):35. (PMID: 23957956)
J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2020 Jul;146(1):128-136.e4. (PMID: 32425269)
J Clin Transl Hepatol. 2020 Mar 28;8(1):13-17. (PMID: 32274341)
Clin Exp Immunol. 2020 Jul;201(1):76-84. (PMID: 32365221)
J Immunol Methods. 2018 Dec;463:21-26. (PMID: 30114401)
Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2020 Nov 2;5(1):256. (PMID: 33139693)
Virol J. 2005 Aug 22;2:69. (PMID: 16115318)
Subcell Biochem. 2019;91:21-43. (PMID: 30888648)
Immunol Res. 1996;15(1):84-90. (PMID: 8739567)
J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2007 Sep;62(9):1016-21. (PMID: 17895441)
Nat Rev Immunol. 2021 Apr;21(4):195-197. (PMID: 33674759)
Nat Immunol. 2018 Jan;19(1):10-19. (PMID: 29242543)
J Hepatol. 2022 Jan;76(1):211-214. (PMID: 34339763)
J Virol. 2014 Aug;88(15):8479-89. (PMID: 24829345)
Microb Pathog. 2021 Apr;153:104799. (PMID: 33609650)
Nat Rev Microbiol. 2016 Aug;14(8):523-34. (PMID: 27344959)
J Immunoassay Immunochem. 2012 Jan;33(1):82-90. (PMID: 22181823)
Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2017 Feb;13(2):76-78. (PMID: 28059157)
Lancet. 2020 Feb 15;395(10223):497-506. (PMID: 31986264)
Front Immunol. 2020 May 01;11:827. (PMID: 32425950)
Science. 2022 Mar 11;375(6585):1122-1127. (PMID: 35271343)
Blood Cells. 1994;20(2-3):376-80; discussion 380-1. (PMID: 7538342)
Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2013 Aug;27(4):553-63. (PMID: 24090942)
Egypt Liver J. 2022;12(1):9. (PMID: 35096428)
Eur Respir J. 2020 Jul 16;56(1):. (PMID: 32430428)
Lymphokine Cytokine Res. 1993 Aug;12(4):225-30. (PMID: 8218595)
PLoS One. 2011;6(12):e27753. (PMID: 22163273)
Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2021 Mar;87(3):1150-1154. (PMID: 32687645)
Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020 Jun;18(7):1561-1566. (PMID: 32283325)
Sci China Life Sci. 2020 Mar;63(3):364-374. (PMID: 32048163)
Trends Immunol. 2008 Aug;29(8):357-65. (PMID: 18599350)
Cytokine. 2013 Nov;64(2):477-85. (PMID: 24011563)
Contrib Microbiol. 2008;15:188-205. (PMID: 18511862)
Infect Drug Resist. 2020 Jul 22;13:2485-2493. (PMID: 32801787)
BMC Public Health. 2021 Aug 11;21(1):1533. (PMID: 34380456)
Am J Transplant. 2020 Jul;20(7):1939-1940. (PMID: 32181969)
Int J Infect Dis. 2020 Sep;98:353-358. (PMID: 32634585)
JCI Insight. 2020 Jun 4;5(11):. (PMID: 32329756)
Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2022 Mar;20(3):425-434. (PMID: 34538216)
J Clin Transl Hepatol. 2021 Apr 28;9(2):256-264. (PMID: 34007808)
Liver Int. 2022 Jun;42(6):1297-1307. (PMID: 35412018)
J Virol. 1995 Oct;69(10):6541-7. (PMID: 7666556)
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2022 Sep 1;75(3):244-251. (PMID: 35687535)
Pharmacotherapy. 2020 Nov;40(11):1166-1171. (PMID: 33006138)
World J Gastroenterol. 2021 Jun 14;27(22):3022-3036. (PMID: 34168405)
Cell Discov. 2020 May 4;6:31. (PMID: 32377375)
Exp Gerontol. 2003 Sep;38(9):981-7. (PMID: 12954485)
Ann Rheum Dis. 2012 May;71(5):768-76. (PMID: 22258491)
Front Immunol. 2020 Jun 23;11:1518. (PMID: 32655582)
Brain Res Rev. 2009 Apr;60(1):57-64. (PMID: 19166877)
Front Med (Lausanne). 2021 Sep 27;8:651658. (PMID: 34646834)
J Immunol. 2004 Feb 15;172(4):2155-62. (PMID: 14764681)
Hepatology. 2022 Feb;75(2):489-490. (PMID: 34528278)
Lancet. 2020 Mar 28;395(10229):1033-1034. (PMID: 32192578)
N Engl J Med. 2020 Nov 5;383(19):1813-1826. (PMID: 32445440)
Lancet. 2020 Feb 15;395(10223):507-513. (PMID: 32007143)
N Engl J Med. 2021 Jun 3;384(22):2124-2130. (PMID: 33835768)
Semin Immunopathol. 2017 Jul;39(5):501-503. (PMID: 28674818)
N Engl J Med. 2020 Nov 19;383(21):2041-2052. (PMID: 32706953)
Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021 May;18(5):348-364. (PMID: 33692570)
Exp Gerontol. 1999 Apr;34(2):253-65. (PMID: 10363791)
Int J Clin Pract. 2021 Dec;75(12):e14970. (PMID: 34626520)
J Biol Chem. 2002 May 17;277(20):17663-70. (PMID: 11882664)
Drugs R D. 2021 Mar;21(1):9-27. (PMID: 33336316)
Gynecol Endocrinol. 2014 Jan;30(1):16-22. (PMID: 24219599)
Int J Infect Dis. 2020 Sep;98:290-293. (PMID: 32619764)
Front Immunol. 2020 Jul 09;11:1259. (PMID: 32733442)
Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2020 Aug;54:62-75. (PMID: 32513566)
J Hepatol. 2021 Sep;75(3):728-729. (PMID: 34116081)
J Exp Med. 1996 Jun 1;183(6):2593-603. (PMID: 8676080)
Mod Pathol. 2020 Jun;33(6):1007-1014. (PMID: 32291399)
Hepatol Int. 2020 Sep;14(5):881-883. (PMID: 32725454)
J Hepatol. 2021 Nov;75(5):1250-1252. (PMID: 34153398)
Nat Med. 2020 Apr;26(4):502-505. (PMID: 32284613)
An Acad Bras Cienc. 2017 Jan-Mar;89(1):285-299. (PMID: 28423084)
Aging Cell. 2009 Feb;8(1):18-25. (PMID: 18986373)
Science. 2020 Aug 7;369(6504):718-724. (PMID: 32661059)
Cytokine. 2022 May;153:155828. (PMID: 35247648)
Lancet. 2003 Apr 19;361(9366):1319-25. (PMID: 12711465)
Zhonghua Gan Zang Bing Za Zhi. 2020 Feb 20;28(2):100-106. (PMID: 32077659)
Annu Rev Immunol. 2009;27:519-50. (PMID: 19302047)
Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020 Jul;56(1):105949. (PMID: 32205204)
N Engl J Med. 2000 Aug 3;343(5):338-44. (PMID: 10922424)
J Pathol. 1997 Mar;181(3):257-66. (PMID: 9155709)
Hepatol Commun. 2022 Feb;6(2):255-269. (PMID: 34658172)
Nat Rev Immunol. 2020 Sep;20(9):537-551. (PMID: 32203325)
Am J Med Sci. 2022 Feb;363(2):94-103. (PMID: 34752738)
J Leukoc Biol. 2004 Aug;76(2):291-9. (PMID: 15039467)
Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2017 Mar;28(3):199-212. (PMID: 27789101)

Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; aging; cytokine storm; interleukin; liver injury

0 (Cytokines)

Date Created: 20230901 Date Completed: 20230904 Latest Revision: 20230911

20230912

PMC10465349

10.3389/fendo.2023.1139692

37654571