State-Level History of Overdose Deaths Involving Stimulants in the United States, 1999‒2020.

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  • Additional Information
    • Source:
      Publisher: American Public Health Association Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 1254074 Publication Model: Print Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1541-0048 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00900036 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Am J Public Health Subsets: MEDLINE
    • Publication Information:
      Publication: Washington, DC : American Public Health Association
      Original Publication: New York [etc.]
    • Subject Terms:
      Central Nervous System Stimulants* ; Drug Overdose* ; Cocaine*; Humans ; United States/epidemiology ; Analgesics, Opioid ; Bayes Theorem ; Appalachian Region
    • Abstract:
      Objectives. To examine the state-level history of US overdose deaths involving stimulants with and without opioids from 1999 to 2020. Methods. We used death certificate data from the National Center for Health Statistics to categorize deaths into 4 groups of interest: cocaine with and without opioids, and psychostimulants with and without opioids. We used a Bayesian multiple change point model to describe the timing and magnitude of changes in overdose death rates involving stimulants for each state and year. Results. There was little change in the death rates of cocaine without opioids. Death rates involving cocaine and opioids sharply increased around 2015, particularly in the Northeast and Mid-Atlantic. We also observed steady increases in deaths involving psychostimulants without opioids just before 2010, particularly in states in the West and South. Deaths involving psychostimulants with opioids increased around 2015 with largest increases concentrated in Appalachian states. Conclusions. There is significant geographic heterogeneity in the co-involvement of stimulants in the US overdose crisis. Results can inform public health efforts to inform state-level overdose efforts such as naloxone distribution. ( Am J Public Health. 2023;113(9):991-999. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2023.307337).
    • Comments:
      Comment in: Am J Public Health. 2023 Sep;113(9):933-935. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2023.307379. (PMID: 37556788)
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    • Grant Information:
      K01 DA053435 United States DA NIDA NIH HHS; K01 DA055758 United States DA NIDA NIH HHS; R01 DA052214 United States DA NIDA NIH HHS; R25 DA037190 United States DA NIDA NIH HHS
    • Accession Number:
      0 (Analgesics, Opioid)
      0 (Central Nervous System Stimulants)
      I5Y540LHVR (Cocaine)
    • Publication Date:
      Date Created: 20230809 Date Completed: 20230811 Latest Revision: 20240902
    • Publication Date:
      20240902
    • Accession Number:
      PMC10413741
    • Accession Number:
      10.2105/AJPH.2023.307337
    • Accession Number:
      37556789