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The leaky pipeline of diverse race and ethnicity representation in academic science and technology training in the United States, 2003-2019.
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- Author(s): Sarraju A;Sarraju A; Ngo S; Ngo S; Rodriguez F; Rodriguez F
- Source:
PloS one [PLoS One] 2023 Apr 26; Vol. 18 (4), pp. e0284945. Date of Electronic Publication: 2023 Apr 26 (Print Publication: 2023).- Publication Type:
Journal Article; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't- Language:
English - Source:
- Additional Information
- Source: Publisher: Public Library of Science Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 101285081 Publication Model: eCollection Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1932-6203 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 19326203 NLM ISO Abbreviation: PLoS One Subsets: MEDLINE
- Publication Information: Original Publication: San Francisco, CA : Public Library of Science
- Subject Terms:
- Abstract: Introduction: Diverse race and ethnicity representation remains lacking in science and technology (S&T) careers in the United States (US). Due to systematic barriers across S&T training stages, there may be sequential loss of diverse representation leading to low representation, often conceptualized as a leaky pipeline. We aimed to quantify the contemporary leaky pipeline of S&T training in the US.
Methods: We analyzed US S&T degree data, stratified by sex and then by race or ethnicity, obtained from survey data the National Science Foundation and the National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics. We assessed changes in race and ethnicity representation in 2019 at two major S&T transition points: bachelor to doctorate degrees (2003-2019) and doctorate degrees to postdoctoral positions (2010-2019). We quantified representation changes at each point as the ratio of representation in the later stage to earlier stage (representation ratio [RR]). We assessed secular trends in the representation ratio through univariate linear regression.
Results: For 2019, the survey data included for bachelor degrees, 12,714,921 men and 10.612,879 women; for doctorate degrees 14,259 men and 12,860 women; and for postdoctoral data, 11,361 men and 8.672 women. In 2019, we observed that Black, Asian, and Hispanic women had comparable loss of representation among women in the bachelor to doctorate transition (RR 0.86, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.81-0.92; RR 0.85, 95% CI 0.81-0.89; and RR 0.82, 95% CI 0.77-0.87, respectively), while among men, Black and Asian men had the greatest loss of representation (Black men RR 0.72, 95% CI 0.66-0.78; Asian men RR 0.73, 95% CI 0.70-0.77)]. We observed that Black men (RR 0.60, 95% CI 0.51-0.69) and Black women (RR 0.56, 95% CI 0.49-0.63) experienced the greatest loss of representation among men and women, respectively, in the doctorate to postdoctoral transition. Black women had a statistically significant decrease in their representation ratio in the doctorate to postdoctoral transition from 2010 to 2019 (p-trend = 0.02).
Conclusion: We quantified diverse race and ethnicity representation in contemporary US S&T training and found that Black men and women experienced the most consistent loss in representation across the S&T training pipeline. Findings should spur efforts to mitigate the structural racism and systemic barriers underpinning such disparities.
Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
(Copyright: © 2023 Sarraju et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.) - References: CBE Life Sci Educ. 2013 Fall;12(3):357-63. (PMID: 24006384)
PLoS One. 2018 Jan 16;13(1):e0190606. (PMID: 29338019)
Cell. 2020 Oct 29;183(3):568-575. (PMID: 33125882) - Grant Information: K01 HL144607 United States HL NHLBI NIH HHS
- Publication Date: Date Created: 20230426 Date Completed: 20230428 Latest Revision: 20240712
- Publication Date: 20240712
- Accession Number: PMC10132634
- Accession Number: 10.1371/journal.pone.0284945
- Accession Number: 37099545
- Source:
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