Burden of Typhoid and Paratyphoid Fever in India.

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  • Additional Information
    • Corporate Authors:
      NSSEFI Study Team
    • Source:
      Publisher: Massachusetts Medical Society Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 0255562 Publication Model: Print Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1533-4406 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00284793 NLM ISO Abbreviation: N Engl J Med Subsets: MEDLINE
    • Publication Information:
      Original Publication: Boston, Massachusetts Medical Society.
    • Subject Terms:
      Paratyphoid Fever*/diagnosis ; Paratyphoid Fever*/epidemiology ; Typhoid Fever*/diagnosis ; Typhoid Fever*/epidemiology; Humans ; Infant ; Incidence ; India/epidemiology ; Population Surveillance ; Prospective Studies ; Cost of Illness ; Blood Culture ; Child, Preschool ; Child ; Adolescent ; Urban Population/statistics & numerical data ; Rural Population/statistics & numerical data ; Hospitalization/statistics & numerical data
    • Abstract:
      Background: In 2017, more than half the cases of typhoid fever worldwide were projected to have occurred in India. In the absence of contemporary population-based data, it is unclear whether declining trends of hospitalization for typhoid in India reflect increased antibiotic treatment or a true reduction in infection.
      Methods: From 2017 through 2020, we conducted weekly surveillance for acute febrile illness and measured the incidence of typhoid fever (as confirmed on blood culture) in a prospective cohort of children between the ages of 6 months and 14 years at three urban sites and one rural site in India. At an additional urban site and five rural sites, we combined blood-culture testing of hospitalized patients who had a fever with survey data regarding health care use to estimate incidence in the community.
      Results: A total of 24,062 children who were enrolled in four cohorts contributed 46,959 child-years of observation. Among these children, 299 culture-confirmed typhoid cases were recorded, with an incidence per 100,000 child-years of 576 to 1173 cases in urban sites and 35 in rural Pune. The estimated incidence of typhoid fever from hospital surveillance ranged from 12 to 1622 cases per 100,000 child-years among children between the ages of 6 months and 14 years and from 108 to 970 cases per 100,000 person-years among those who were 15 years of age or older. Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi was isolated from 33 children, for an overall incidence of 68 cases per 100,000 child-years after adjustment for age.
      Conclusions: The incidence of typhoid fever in urban India remains high, with generally lower estimates of incidence in most rural areas. (Funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation; NSSEFI Clinical Trials Registry of India number, CTRI/2017/09/009719; ISRCTN registry number, ISRCTN72938224.).
      (Copyright © 2023 Massachusetts Medical Society.)
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    • Grant Information:
      D43 TW007392 United States TW FIC NIH HHS; INV-009497 United States GATES Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
    • Contributed Indexing:
      Investigator: J John; M Srinivasan; PD Moses; W Rose; P Rupali; KN Sindhu; A Bavdekar; A Shrivastava; S Sanghavi; S Juvekar; S Dutta; S Kanungo; J Saha; P Chatterjee; T Rongsen-Chandola; B Sinha; N Goyal; D More; A Arya; A Dutta; CM Kumar; M Gupta; A Bansal; RM Koshy; S Thankaraj; A Singh; A Hepzibah; AP Alexander; P Zachariah; C Dhas Sankhro; DR Jinka; RR Nayakanti; SE Ebenezer; MS Thomas; MV Muhrekar; A Elangovan; G Kang; B Veeraraghavan; VR Mohan; AS Karthikeyan; N Swathi Krishna; MT George; R Raju; K Ramanujam; G Santhosh Kumar; P Samuel; N Sahai; AK Pragasam; JJ John; NC Grassly; J Andrews; NC Lo
    • Molecular Sequence:
      CTRI CTRI/2017/09/009719
      ISRCTN ISRCTN72938224
    • Publication Date:
      Date Created: 20230419 Date Completed: 20230421 Latest Revision: 20230421
    • Publication Date:
      20240829
    • Accession Number:
      PMC10116367
    • Accession Number:
      10.1056/NEJMoa2209449
    • Accession Number:
      37075141