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A 44-y perspective on the influence of cash on Ju/'hoansi Bushman networks of sharing and gifting.
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- Author(s): Wiessner P;Wiessner P;Wiessner P; Huang CH; Huang CH
- Source:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America [Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A] 2022 Oct 11; Vol. 119 (41), pp. e2213214119. Date of Electronic Publication: 2022 Oct 05.- Publication Type:
Journal Article- Language:
English - Source:
- Additional Information
- Source: Publisher: National Academy of Sciences Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 7505876 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1091-6490 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00278424 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A Subsets: MEDLINE
- Publication Information: Original Publication: Washington, DC : National Academy of Sciences
- Subject Terms:
- Abstract: Money has been portrayed by major theorists as an agent of individualism, an instrument of freedom, a currency that removes personal values attached to things, and a generator of avarice. Regardless, the impact of money varies greatly with the cultural turf of the recipient societies. For traditional subsistence economies based on gifting and sharing, surplus perishable resources foraged from the environment carry low costs to the giver compared with the benefits to the receiver. With cash, costs to the giver are usually the same as benefits to the receiver, making sharing expensive and introducing new choices. Using quantitative data on possessions and expenditures collected over a 44-y period from 1974 to 2018 among the Ju/'hoansi (!Kung) in southern Africa, former hunter-gatherers, we look at how individuals spend monetary income, how a partial monetary economy alters traditional norms and institutions (egalitarianism, gifting, and sharing), and how institutions from the past steer change. Results show that gifting declines as cash is spent to increase the well-being of individual families and that gifting and sharing decrease and networks narrow. The sharing of meals and casual gifting hold fast. Substantial material inequalities develop, even between neighbors, but social, gender, and political equalities persist. A strong tradition for individual autonomy combined with monetary income allows individuals to spend their money as they choose, adapt to modern conditions, and pursue new options. However, new challenges are emerging to develop greater community cooperation and build substantial and sustainable economies in the face of such centrifugal forces.
- References: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014 Sep 30;111(39):14027-35. (PMID: 25246574)
- Contributed Indexing: Keywords: Kalahari hunter-gatherers; egalitarianism; impact of money; institutional change; sharing
- Publication Date: Date Created: 20221005 Date Completed: 20221007 Latest Revision: 20230406
- Publication Date: 20230406
- Accession Number: PMC9564820
- Accession Number: 10.1073/pnas.2213214119
- Accession Number: 36197998
- Source:
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