T cell perturbations persist for at least 6 months following hospitalization for COVID-19.

Publisher: Frontiers Research Foundation] Country of Publication: Switzerland NLM ID: 101560960 Publication Model: eCollection Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1664-3224 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 16643224 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Front Immunol Subsets: MEDLINE

Original Publication: [Lausanne : Frontiers Research Foundation]

COVID-19*; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin G ; SARS-CoV-2

COVID-19 is being extensively studied, and much remains unknown regarding the long-term consequences of the disease on immune cells. The different arms of the immune system are interlinked, with humoral responses and the production of high-affinity antibodies being largely dependent on T cell immunity. Here, we longitudinally explored the effect COVID-19 has on T cell populations and the virus-specific T cells, as well as neutralizing antibody responses, for 6-7 months following hospitalization. The CD8 ⁺ TEMRA and exhausted CD57 ⁺ CD8 ⁺ T cells were markedly affected with elevated levels that lasted long into convalescence. Further, markers associated with T cell activation were upregulated at inclusion, and in the case of CD69 ⁺ CD4 ⁺ T cells this lasted all through the study duration. The levels of T cells expressing negative immune checkpoint molecules were increased in COVID-19 patients and sustained for a prolonged duration following recovery. Within 2-3 weeks after symptom onset, all COVID-19 patients developed anti-nucleocapsid IgG and spike-neutralizing IgG as well as SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses. In addition, we found alterations in follicular T helper (TFH) cell populations, such as enhanced TFH-TH2 following recovery from COVID-19. Our study revealed significant and long-term alterations in T cell populations and key events associated with COVID-19 pathogenesis.
Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
(Copyright © 2022 Govender, Hopkins, Göransson, Svanberg, Shankar, Hjorth, Nilsdotter-Augustinsson, Sjöwall, Nyström and Larsson.)

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Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; T cell activation; T cell impairment; T cell subsets; neutralizing antibodies; spectral flow cytometry

0 (Immunoglobulin G)

Date Created: 20220825 Date Completed: 20220826 Latest Revision: 20220829

20221213

PMC9393525

10.3389/fimmu.2022.931039

36003367