A composite menstrual cycle of captive orangutans, with associated hormonal and behavioral variability.

Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 8108949 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1098-2345 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 02752565 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Am J Primatol Subsets: MEDLINE

Publication: New York : Wiley-Blackwell
Original Publication: New York : Liss, c1981-

Pongo* ; Menstrual Cycle*/physiology; Humans ; Female ; Animals ; Pregnanediol/analysis ; Pongo pygmaeus ; Estrone ; Reproduction

Knowledge of species-typical reproductive endocrinology profiles is crucial for testing hypotheses pertaining to the evolutionary history, reproductive parameters, and life history of a species, and for managing the well-being of individual animals in human care. Large-scale empirical measurements of ovarian hormones, however, are rare for most primate species, including orangutans. In this study, we used enzyme immunoassays (EIA) to quantify estrogen (estrone conjugates; E 1 C) and progesterone (pregnanediol-3-glucuronide; PdG) levels for 98 cycles in 7 cycling zoo-housed female orangutans (10-43 years old). We use a subset of these cycles (N = 44) to create the first composite menstrual cycle for orangutans, which serves as a valuable baseline for future comparative analyses and veterinary considerations. Similar to previous studies, we determined the mean ovarian cycle length of orangutans to be 29.7 days (N = 98 cycles), although we illustrate evidence of both intra- and interindividual variation in ovarian steroid production. Given that this study took place in captivity, we consider how energetic and psychosocial aspects of the zoo environment, such as greater food availability and potential stress, may affect the reproductive physiology and sexual behavior of these females. Furthermore, we discuss the role that age and genetic background may play in producing variability. Finally, we test whether ovarian hormone levels correlate with the reproductive behaviors of these female orangutans using associated behavioral data. Our results suggest that matings are more common during the periovulatory period than outside of it, but do not support a consistent link between hormonal indices of fecundability and mating behaviors in these individuals.
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Keywords: concealed ovulation; menstrual cycle; orangutan; ovarian function; sexual behavior

JR3JD1Y22C (Pregnanediol)
2DI9HA706A (Estrone)

Date Created: 20220720 Date Completed: 20230224 Latest Revision: 20230307

20231215

10.1002/ajp.23420

35856470