Measuring Skin Carotenoids Using Reflection Spectroscopy in a Low-Income School Setting.

Publisher: MDPI Publishing Country of Publication: Switzerland NLM ID: 101521595 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 2072-6643 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 20726643 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Nutrients Subsets: MEDLINE

Original Publication: Basel, Switzerland : MDPI Publishing

Carotenoids/*analysis ; Diet Surveys/*instrumentation ; Poverty/*statistics & numerical data ; Spectrum Analysis/*instrumentation ; Students/*statistics & numerical data; Adolescent ; Analysis of Variance ; California ; Child ; Diet Surveys/methods ; Feasibility Studies ; Feeding Behavior/physiology ; Female ; Fruit ; Humans ; Male ; Nutrition Assessment ; Schools ; Seasons ; Skin/chemistry ; Spectrum Analysis/methods ; Vegetables

Dietary behavior change is difficult to accurately measure in a low-income youth population. Objective tools to measure fruit and vegetable consumption without relying on self-report present the opportunity to do this with less respondent burden and bias. A promising tool for quantifying fruit and vegetable consumption via proxy is skin carotenoids as measured by reflection spectroscopy through a device called the Veggie Meter ^® . To assess whether the Veggie Meter ^® is able to detect changes in skin carotenoids as a proxy for fruit and vegetable consumption in a low-income school setting, skin carotenoid measurements were collected at three time points, along with student level demographics, anthropometric measurements, and nutrition knowledge. A secondary goal of this study was to refine the protocol to be used based on researcher observations. Repeated measures analysis of variance with Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons indicate that there was a significant difference in VM scores over the course of the study (F(2, 68) = 6.63, p = 0.002), with an increase in skin carotenoids from Fall 2018 to Spring 2019 ( p = 0.005). This increase was sustained over the summer months when measured in Fall 2019. Changes to the protocol included the addition of a hand cleaning step and using the non-dominant ring finger for data collection. With these refinements, the results demonstrate that the Veggie Meter ^® is usable as a non-invasive tool for measuring fruit and vegetable consumption in a population that is traditionally difficult to assess.

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2019 California Department of Social Services; 2019 Snap; 2019 CalFresh Healthy Living UC

Keywords: Veggie Meter®; dietary assessment; low-income populations; nutrition knowledge

36-88-4 (Carotenoids)

Date Created: 20211127 Date Completed: 20211215 Latest Revision: 20240404

20240404

PMC8618146

10.3390/nu13113796

34836051