Prevention of foot ulcers in the at-risk patient with diabetes: a systematic review.

Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 100883450 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1520-7560 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 15207552 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Diabetes Metab Res Rev Subsets: MEDLINE

Original Publication: Oxford, England : Wiley-Blackwell, c1999-

Patient Compliance* ; Patient Education as Topic*; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/*complications ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/*complications ; Diabetic Foot/*prevention & control ; Practice Guidelines as Topic/*standards ; Practice Patterns, Physicians'/*standards; Diabetic Foot/etiology ; Diabetic Foot/rehabilitation ; Disease Management ; Humans

Prevention of foot ulcers in patients with diabetes is important to help reduce the substantial burden on both patient and health resources. A comprehensive analysis of reported interventions is needed to better inform healthcare professionals about effective prevention. The aim of this systematic review is to investigate the effectiveness of interventions to help prevent both first and recurrent foot ulcers in persons with diabetes who are at risk for this complication. We searched the available medical scientific literature in PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, and the Cochrane databases for original research studies on preventative interventions. We screened trial registries for additional studies not found in our search and unpublished trials. Two independent reviewers assessed data from controlled studies for methodological quality, and extracted and presented this in evidence and risk of bias tables. From the 13,490 records screened, 35 controlled studies and 46 non-controlled studies were included. Few controlled studies, which were of generally low to moderate quality, were identified on the prevention of a first foot ulcer. For the prevention of recurrent plantar foot ulcers, there is benefit for the use of daily foot skin temperature measurements, and for therapeutic footwear with demonstrated plantar pressure relief, provided it is consistently worn by the patient. For prevention of ulcer recurrence, there is some evidence for providing integrated foot care, and no evidence for a single session of education.Surgical interventions have been shown effective in selected patients, but the evidence base is small. Foot-related exercises do not appear to prevent a first foot ulcer. A small increase in the level of weight-bearing daily activities does not seem to increase the risk for foot ulceration. The evidence base to support the use of specific self-management and footwear interventions for the prevention of recurrent plantar foot ulcers is quite strong. The evidence is weak for the use of other, sometimes widely applied, interventions, and is practically non-existent for the prevention of a first foot ulcer and non-plantar foot ulcer.
(© 2020 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Lazzarini PA, Pacella RE, Armstrong DG, van Netten JJ. Diabetes-related lower-extremity complications are a leading cause of the global burden of disability. Diabet Med. 2018;325:1297-1299.
Jupiter DC, Thorud JC, Buckley CJ, Shibuya N. The impact of foot ulceration and amputation on mortality in diabetic patients. I: from ulceration to death, a systematic review. Int Wound J. 2016;13(5):892-903.
Kerr M, Rayman G, Jeffcoate WJ. Cost of diabetic foot disease to the National Health Service in England. Diabet Med. 2014;31(12):1498-1504.
Armstrong DG, Boulton AJ, Bus SA. Diabetic foot ulcers and their recurrence. N.Engl.J.Med. 2017;376:2367-2375.
Schaper NC, Van Netten JJ, Apelqvist J, Lipsky BA, Bakker K, International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot. Prevention and management of foot problems in diabetes: a summary guidance for daily practice 2015, based on the IWGDF guidance documents. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2016 Jan;32 Suppl 1:7-15.
Crawford F, Cezard G, Chappell FM, et al. A systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis of prognostic factors for foot ulceration in people with diabetes: the international research collaboration for the prediction of diabetic foot ulcerations (PODUS). Health Technol Assess. 2015 Jul;19(57):1-210.
Monteiro-Soares M, Boyko EJ, Ribeiro J, Ribeiro I, Dinis-Ribeiro M. Risk stratification systems for diabetic foot ulcers: a systematic review. Diabetologia. 2011 May;54(5):1190-1199.
Hoogeveen RC, Dorresteijn JA, Kriegsman DM, Valk GD. Complex interventions for preventing diabetic foot ulceration. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Aug;24(8):CD007610.
Dorresteijn JA, Kriegsman DM, Assendelft WJ, Valk GD. Patient education for preventing diabetic foot ulceration. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Dec 16;12:CD001488.
Arad Y, Fonseca V, Peters A, Vinik A. Beyond the monofilament for the insensate diabetic foot: a systematic review of randomized trials to prevent the occurrence of plantar foot ulcers in patients with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2011 Apr;34(4):1041-1046.
Ozdemir BA, Brownrigg J, Patel N, Jones KG, Thompson MM, Hinchliffe RJ. Population-based screening for the prevention of lower extremity complications in diabetes. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2013 Mar;29(3):173-182.
Buckley CM, Perry IJ, Bradley CP, Kearney PM. Does contact with a podiatrist prevent the occurrence of a lower extremity amputation in people with diabetes? A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open May 8, 2013;3(5):https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2012-002331.
Maciejewski ML, Reiber GE, Smith DG, Wallace C, Hayes S, Boyko EJ. Effectiveness of diabetic therapeutic footwear in preventing reulceration. Diabetes Care. 2004 Jul;27(7):1774-1782.
Bus SA, van Deursen RW, Armstrong DG, et al. Footwear and offloading interventions to prevent and heal foot ulcers and reduce plantar pressure in patients with diabetes: a systematic review. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2016 Jan;32(Suppl 1):99-118.
Paton J, Bruce G, Jones R, Stenhouse E. Effectiveness of insoles used for the prevention of ulceration in the neuropathic diabetic foot: a systematic review. J Diabetes Complications. 2011 Jan-Feb;25(1):52-62.
Roukis TS, Schade VL. Percutaneous flexor tenotomy for treatment of neuropathic toe ulceration secondary to toe contracture in persons with diabetes: a systematic review. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2009 Nov-Dec;48(6):684-689.
Li R, Zhang P, Barker LE, Chowdhury FM, Zhang X. Cost-effectiveness of interventions to prevent and control diabetes mellitus: a systematic review. Diabetes Care. 2010;33:1872-1894.
Sartor CD, Hasue RH, Cacciari LP, Butugan MK, Watari R, Passaro AC, et al. Effects of strengthening, stretching and functional training on foot function in patients with diabetic neuropathy: results of a randomized controlled trial. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2014 Apr 27;15:137-2474-15-137.
Melai T, Schaper NC, Ijzerman TH, et al. Lower leg muscle strengthening does not redistribute plantar load in diabetic polyneuropathy: a randomised controlled trial. J Foot Ankle Res. 2013 Oct 18;6(1):41 -1146-6-41.
Mueller MJ, Tuttle LJ, LeMaster JW, et al. Weight-bearing versus nonweight-bearing exercise for persons with diabetes and peripheral neuropathy: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2013 May;94(5):829-838.
Colberg SR, Sigal RJ, Yardley JE, et al. Physical activity/exercise and diabetes: a position statement of the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care. 2016 Nov;39(11):2065-2079.
Van Netten JJ, Price PE, Lavery LA, et al. Prevention of foot ulcers in the at-risk patient with diabetes: a systematic review. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2016 Jan;32(Suppl 1):84-98.
Bus SA, Lavery LA, Monteiro-Soares M, et al. Guidelines on the prevention of foot ulcers in persons with diabetes (IWGDF 2019 update). Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2020;36(S1):e3269.
Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG, PRISMA Group. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: the PRISMA statement. J Clin Epidemiol. 2009 Oct;62(10):1006-1012.
Garner P, Hopewell S, Chandler J, et al. When and how to update systematic reviews: consensus and checklist. BMJ. 2016 Jul 20;354:i3507.
Ouzzani M, Hammady H, Fedorowicz Z, Elmagarmid A. Rayyan-a web and mobile app for systematic reviews. Syst Rev. 2016 Dec 5;5(1):210 -016-0384-4.
Jeffcoate WJ, Bus SA, Game FL, et al. Reporting standards of studies and papers on the prevention and management of foot ulcers in diabetes: required details and markers of good quality. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2016 Sep;4(9):781-788.
Harbour R, Miller J. A new system for grading recommendations in evidence based guidelines. BMJ. 2001 Aug 11;323(7308):334-336.
Calle-Pascual AL, Duran A, Benedi A, et al. Reduction in foot ulcer incidence: relation to compliance with a prophylactic foot care program. Diabetes Care. 2001 Feb;24(2):405-407.
Viswanathan V, Madhavan S, Rajasekar S, Chamukuttan S, Ambady R. Amputation prevention initiative in South India: positive impact of foot care education. Diabetes Care. 2005 May;28(5):1019-1021.
Adiewere P, Gillis RB, Imran Jiwani S, Meal A, Shaw I, Adams GG. A systematic review and meta-analysis of patient education in preventing and reducing the incidence or recurrence of adult diabetes foot ulcers (DFU). Heliyon. 2018;4(5):e00614.
Gershater MA, Pilhammar E, Apelqvist J, Alm-Roijer C. Patient education for the prevention of foot ulcers. Interim analyses of a randomised controlled trial due to morbidity and mortality of participants. Eur Diab Nursing. 2011;8:102-107b.
Lincoln NB, Radford KA, Game FL, Jeffcoate WJ. Education for secondary prevention of foot ulcers in people with diabetes: a randomised controlled trial. Diabetologia. 2008 Nov;51(11):1954-1961.
Monami M, Zannoni S, Gaias M, Nreu B, Marchionni N, Mannucci E. Effects of a Short educational program for the prevention of foot ulcers in high-risk patients: a randomized controlled trial. Int J Endocrinol. 2015;2015:615680.
Malone JM, Snyder M, Anderson G, Bernhard VM, Holloway GA Jr, Bunt TJ. Prevention of amputation by diabetic education. Am J Surg. 1989 Dec;158(6):520-523. discussion 523-4.
Bloomgarden ZT, Karmally W, Metzger MJ, et al. Randomized, controlled trial of diabetic patient education: improved knowledge without improved metabolic status. Diabetes Care. 1987 May-Jun;10(3):263-272.
Ronnemaa T, Hamalainen H, Toikka T, Liukkonen I. Evaluation of the impact of podiatrist care in the primary prevention of foot problems in diabetic subjects. Diabetes Care. 1997 Dec;20(12):1833-1837.
Liang R, Dai X, Zuojie L, Zhou A, Meijuan C. Two-year foot care program for minority patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus of Zhuan tribe in Gunaxi, China. Can J of Dia. 2012;36:15-18.
Dargis V, Pantelejeva O, Jonushaite A, Vileikyte L, Boulton AJ. Benefits of a multidisciplinary approach in the management of recurrent diabetic foot ulceration in Lithuania: a prospective study. Diabetes Care. 1999 Sep;22:1428-1431.
Armstrong DG, Holtz K, Wu S. Can the use of a topical antifungal nail lacquer reduce risk for diabetic foot ulceration? Results from a randomised controlled pilot study. Int Wound J. 2005 Jun;2(2):166-170.
Lavery LA, Higgins KR, Lanctot DR, et al. Home monitoring of foot skin temperatures to prevent ulceration. Diabetes Care. 2004 Nov;27(11):2642-2647.
Lavery LA, Higgins KR, Lanctot DR, et al. Preventing diabetic foot ulcer recurrence in high-risk patients: use of temperature monitoring as a self-assessment tool. Diabetes Care. 2007 Jan;30(1):14-20.
Armstrong DG, Holtz-Neiderer K, Wendel C, Mohler MJ, Kimbriel HR, Lavery LA. Skin temperature monitoring reduces the risk for diabetic foot ulceration in high-risk patients. Am J Med. 2007 Dec;120(12):1042-1046.
Skafjeld A, Iversen MM, Holme I, Ribu L, Hvaal K, Kilhovd BK. A pilot study testing the feasibility of skin temperature monitoring to reduce recurrent foot ulcers in patients with diabetes-a randomized controlled trial. BMC Endocr Disord 2015 Oct 9;15:55-015-0054-x.
Scire V, Leporati E, Teobaldi I, Nobili LA, Rizzo L, Piaggesi A. Effectiveness and safety of using Podikon digital silicone padding in the primary prevention of neuropathic lesions in the forefoot of diabetic patients. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 2009 Jan-Feb;99(1):28-34.
Lavery LA, LaFontaine J, Higgins KR, Lanctot DR, Constantinides G. Shear-reducing insoles to prevent foot ulceration in high-risk diabetic patients. Adv Skin Wound Care. 2012 Nov;25(11):519-524. quiz 525-6.
Rizzo L, Tedeschi A, Fallani E, et al. Custom-made orthesis and shoes in a structured follow-up program reduces the incidence of neuropathic ulcers in high-risk diabetic foot patients. Int J Low Extrem Wounds. 2012 Mar;11(1):59-64.
Ulbrecht JS, Hurley T, Mauger DT, Cavanagh PR. Prevention of recurrent foot ulcers with plantar pressure-based in-shoe orthoses: the CareFUL prevention multicenter randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Care. 2014 Jul;37(7):1982-1989.
Bus SA, Waaijman R, Arts M, et al. Effect of custom-made footwear on foot ulcer recurrence in diabetes: a multicenter randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Care. 2013 Dec;36(12):4109-4116.
Reiber GE, Smith DG, Wallace C, Sullivan K, Hayes S, Vath C, Maciejewski ML, Yu O, Heagerty PJ, LeMaster J Effect of therapeutic footwear on foot reulceration in patients with diabetes-a randomized controlled trial. Jama 2002 05/15;287(19):2552-2558.
Uccioli L, Faglia E, Monticone G, Favales F, Durola L, Aldeghi A, Quarantiello A, Calia P, Menzinger G Manufactured shoes in the prevention of diabetic foot ulcers. Diabetes Care 1995 10;18(10):1376-1378.
Viswanathan V, Madhavan S, Gnanasundaram S, et al. Effectiveness of different types of footwear insoles for the diabetic neuropathic foot: a follow-up study. Diabetes Care. 2004 Feb;27(2):474-477.
Busch K, Chantelau E. Effectiveness of a new brand of stock ‘diabetic’ shoes to protect against diabetic foot ulcer relapse. A prospective cohort study. Diabet Med. 2003 Aug;20(8):665-669.
Reike H, Bruning A, Rischbieter E, Vogler F, Angelkort B. Recurrence of foot lesions in patients with diabetic foot syndrome: influence of custom-molded orthotic device. Diabetes Stoffwechsel. 1997;6:107-113.
Chantelau E, Kushner T, Spraul M. How effective is cushioned therapeutic footwear in protecting diabetic feet? A clinical study. Diabet Med. 1990 May;7(4):355-359.
Albert SF, Christensen LC. Rigid foot orthoses in the treatment of the neuropathic diabetic foot. Lower Extremity. 1996;3:97-105.
Baumann R. Efficacy of industrially produced protective footwear for the ‘diabetic foot’: an observational study. [German]. Diabetes Und Stoffwechsel. 1996;5:107-112.
Borssen B, Bergenheim T, Lithner F. Preventive treatment of foot deformities in type 1 diabetic patients aged 15-50 years-an epidemiological and prospective study. J Intern Med. 1996 Oct;240:219-225.
Striesow F. Special manufactured shoes for prevention of recurrent ulcer in diabetic foot syndrome. Med Klin (Munich). 1998 Dec 15;93(12):695-700.
Frigg A, Pagenstert G, Schafer D, Valderrabano V, Hintermann B. Recurrence and prevention of diabetic foot ulcers after total contact casting. Foot Ankle Int. 2007 Jan;28(1):64-69.
Tazi O, Debure C. Preventing high-risk diabetic foot ulceration by a new method of custom-made shoes in high-risk patients. Prospective Study J mal Vasc. 2008 Dec;33(4-5):191-195.
Illgner U, Wuhr J, Rummler M, Drerup B, Wetz HH. Orthopedic made-to-measure shoes for diabetics. Long-term 5-year outcome. Orthopade. 2009 Dec;38(12):1209-1214.
Fernandez-Montequin J, Betancourt BY, Leyva-Gonzalez G, et al. How effective is orthotic treatment in patients with recurrent diabetic foot ulcers? J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 2013 Jul-Aug;103:281-290.
Dahmen R, Haspels R, Koomen B, Hoeksma AF. Therapeutic footwear for the neuropathic foot: an algorithm. Diabetes Care 2001 04;24(4):705-709.
Cavanagh PR, Boulton AJ, Sheehan P, Ulbrecht JS, Caputo GM, Armstrong DG. Therapeutic footwear in patients with diabetes. Jama. 2002 Sep 11;288(10):1231; author reply 1232-3-1233.
Chantelau E. Therapeutic footwear in patients with diabetes. Jama. 2002 Sep 11;288(10):1231-1232. author reply 1232-3.
Mueller MJ, Sinacore DR, Hastings MK, Strube MJ, Johnson JE. Effect of Achilles tendon lengthening on neuropathic plantar ulcers. A randomized clinical trial. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2003 Aug;85-A(8):1436-1445.
Piaggesi A, Schipani E, Campi F, et al. Conservative surgical approach versus non-surgical management for diabetic neuropathic foot ulcers: a randomized trial. Diabet Med. 1998 May;15(5):412-417.
Faglia E, Clerici G, Caminiti M, Curci V, Somalvico F. Feasibility and effectiveness of internal pedal amputation of phalanx or metatarsal head in diabetic patients with forefoot osteomyelitis. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2012 Sep-Oct;51(5):593-598.
Armstrong DG, Fiorito JL, Leykum BJ, Mills JL. Clinical efficacy of the pan metatarsal head resection as a curative procedure in patients with diabetes mellitus and neuropathic forefoot wounds. Foot Ankle Spec. 2012 Aug;5(4):235-240.
Armstrong DG, Short B, Espensen EH, Abu-Rumman P, Nixon BP, Boulton AJ. Efficacy of fifth metatarsal head resection for treatment of chronic diabetic foot ulceration. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 2005 Jul-Aug;95:353-356.
Armstrong DG, Lavery LA, Vazquez JR, et al. Clinical efficacy of the first metatarsophalangeal joint arthroplasty as a curative procedure for hallux interphalangeal joint wounds in patients with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2003 Dec;26(12):3284-3287.
Vanlerberghe B, Devemy F, Duhamel A, Guerreschi P, Torabi D. Conservative surgical treatment for diabetic foot ulcers under the metatarsal heads. A retrospective case-control study. Ann Chir Plast Esthet. 2014;59(3):161-169.
Aszmann O, Tassler PL, Dellon AL. Changing the natural history of diabetic neuropathy: incidence of ulcer/amputation in the contralateral limb of patients with a unilateral nerve decompression procedure. Ann Plast Surg. 2004 Dec;53(6):517-522.
Nickerson DS, Rader AJ. Nerve decompression after diabetic foot ulceration may protect against recurrence: a 3-year controlled, prospective analysis. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 2014 Jan-Feb;104(1):66-70.
Colen LB, Kim CJ, Grant WP, Yeh JT, Hind B. Achilles tendon lengthening: friend or foe in the diabetic foot? Plast Reconstr Surg. 2013 Jan;131(1):37e-43e.
Lee TH, Lin SS, Wapner KL. Tendo-Achilles lengthening and total contact casting for plantar forefoot ulceration in diabetic patients with equinus deformity of the ankle. Oper Tech Orthop. 1996;6:222-225.
Lin SS, Lee TH, Wapner KL. Plantar forefoot ulceration with equinus deformity of the ankle in diabetic patients: the effect of tendo-Achilles lengthening and total contact casting. Orthopedics. 1996 May;19(5):465-475.
Holstein P, Lohmann M, Bitsch M, Jorgensen B. Achilles tendon lengthening, the panacea for plantar forefoot ulceration? Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2004 May-Jun;20(Suppl 1):S37-S40.
Laborde JM. Neuropathic plantar forefoot ulcers treated with tendon lengthenings. Foot Ankle Int. 2008 Apr;29(4):378-384.
Laborde JM. Midfoot ulcers treated with gastrocnemius-soleus recession. Foot Ankle Int. 2009 Sep;30(9):842-846.
Cunha M, Faul J, Steinberg J, Attinger C. Forefoot ulcer recurrence following partial first ray amputation: the role of tendo-Achilles lengthening. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 2010 Jan-Feb;100(1):80-82.
Downs DM, Jacobs RL. Treatment of resistant ulcers on the plantar surface of the great toe in diabetics. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1982 Jul;64(6):930-933.
Lin SS, Bono CM, Lee TH. Total contact casting and Keller arthoplasty for diabetic great toe ulceration under the interphalangeal joint. Foot Ankle Int. 2000 Jul;21(7):588-593.
Griffiths GD, Wieman TJ. Metatarsal head resection for diabetic foot ulcers. Arch Surg. 1990 Jul;125(7):832-835.
Giurini JM, Basile P, Chrzan JS, Habershaw GM, Rosenblum BI. Panmetatarsal head resection. A viable alternative to the transmetatarsal amputation. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 1993 Feb;83(2):101-107.
Petrov O, Pfeifer M, Flood M, Chagares W, Daniele C. Recurrent plantar ulceration following pan metatarsal head resection. J Foot Ankle Surg. 1996 Nov-Dec;35(6):573-577. discussion 602.
Hamilton GA, Ford LA, Perez H, Rush SM. Salvage of the neuropathic foot by using bone resection and tendon balancing: a retrospective review of 10 patients. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2005 Jan-Feb;44(1):37-43.
Molines-Barroso RJ, Lazaro-Martinez JL, Aragon-Sanchez J, Garcia-Morales E, Beneit-Montesinos JV, Alvaro-Afonso FJ. Analysis of transfer lesions in patients who underwent surgery for diabetic foot ulcers located on the plantar aspect of the metatarsal heads. Diabet Med. 2013 Aug;30(8):973-976.
Fleischli JE, Anderson RB, Davis WH. Dorsiflexion metatarsal osteotomy for treatment of recalcitrant diabetic neuropathic ulcers. Foot Ankle Int. 1999 Feb;20(2):80-85.
Tamir E, Vigler M, Avisar E, Finestone AS. Percutaneous tenotomy for the treatment of diabetic toe ulcers. Foot Ankle Int. 2014 Jan;35(1):38-43.
Tamir E, McLaren AM, Gadgil A, Daniels TR. Outpatient percutaneous flexor tenotomies for management of diabetic claw toe deformities with ulcers: a preliminary report. Can J Surg. 2008 Feb;51(1):41-44.
Rasmussen A, Bjerre-Christensen U, Almdal TP, Holstein P. Percutaneous flexor tenotomy for preventing and treating toe ulcers in people with diabetes mellitus. J Tissue Viability. 2013 Aug;22(3):68-73.
Van Netten JJ, Bril A, van Baal JG. The effect of flexor tenotomy on healing and prevention of neuropathic diabetic foot ulcers on the distal end of the toe. J Foot Ankle Res. 2013 Jan 24;6(1):3 -1146-6-3.
Kearney TP, Hunt NA, Lavery LA. Safety and effectiveness of flexor tenotomies to heal toe ulcers in persons with diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2010 Sep;89(3):224-226.
Schepers T, Berendsen HA, Oei IH, Koning J. Functional outcome and patient satisfaction after flexor tenotomy for plantar ulcers of the toes. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2010 Mar-Apr;49(2):119-122.
Laborde JM. Neuropathic toe ulcers treated with toe flexor tenotomies. Foot Ankle Int. 2007 Nov;28(11):1160-1164.
Kim JY, Lee I, Seo K, Jung W, Kim B. FHL tendon transfer in diabetics for treatment of non-healing plantar heel ulcers. Foot Ankle Int. 2010 Jun;31(6):480-485.
Kim JY, Hwang S, Lee Y. Selective plantar fascia release for nonhealing diabetic plantar ulcerations. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2012 Jul 18;94(14):1297-1302.
Nickerson DS. Low recurrence rate of diabetic foot ulcer after nerve decompression. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 2010 Mar-Apr;100(2):111-115.
Dellon AL, Muse VL, Nickerson DS, et al. Prevention of ulceration, amputation, and reduction of hospitalization: outcomes of a prospective multicenter trial of tibial neurolysis in patients with diabetic neuropathy. J Reconstr Microsurg. 2012 May;28(4):241-246.
Nickerson DS, Rader AJ. Low long-term risk of foot ulcer recurrence after nerve decompression in a diabetes neuropathy cohort. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 2013 Sep-Oct;103(5):380-386.
LeMaster JW, Mueller MJ, Reiber GE, Mehr DR, Madsen RW, Conn VS. Effect of weight-bearing activity on foot ulcer incidence in people with diabetic peripheral neuropathy: feet first randomized controlled trial. Phys Ther. 2008 Nov;88(11):1385-1398.
Van Putten MA, Leffers P, Schreuder FHBM, Schaper NC. The effectiveness of a preventive foot care program versus treatment as usual to reduce the number of ulcers in diabetic patients with polyneuropathy: a randomized controlled trial. unpublished.
Cisneros LL. Evaluation of a neuropathic ulcers prevention program for patients with diabetes. Rev Bras Fisioter. 2010 Jan-Feb;14(1):31-37.
Plank J, Haas W, Rakovac I, et al. Evaluation of the impact of chiropodist care in the secondary prevention of foot ulcerations in diabetic subjects. Diabetes Care. 2003 Jun;26(6):1691-1695.
Hamonet J, Verdie-Kessler C, Daviet JC, et al. Evaluation of a multidisciplinary consultation of diabetic foot. [French]. Ann Phys Rehabil Med. 2010 June;53:306-318.
Calle-Pascual AL, Duran A, Benedi A, et al. A preventative foot care programme for people with diabetes with different stages of neuropathy. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2002 Aug;57(2):111-117.
Jimenez S, Rubio JA, Alvarez J, Lazaro-Martinez JL. Análisis de las reulceraciones en una unidadmultidisciplinar de pie diabético tras laimplementación de un programa de cuidado integradodel pie. Endocrinología, Diabetes y Nutrición 2018.
Fujiwara Y, Kishida K, Terao M, et al. Beneficial effects of foot care nursing for people with diabetes mellitus: an uncontrolled before and after intervention study. J Adv Nurs. 2011 Sep;67(9):1952-1962.
Armstrong DG, Harkless LB. Outcomes of preventative care in a diabetic foot specialty clinic. J Foot Ankle Surg. 1998;37:460-466.
Marcinia M, Chantelau E. Qualified podiatry for rehabilitation of patients with diabetic foot syndrome. A cohort study. Diabetes Und Stoffwechsel. 1998;7:81-85.
Abbas ZG, Lutale JK, Bakker K, Baker N, Archibald LK. The 'Step by step’ diabetic foot project in Tanzania: a model for improving patient outcomes in less-developed countries. Int Wound J. 2011 Apr;8(2):169-175.
Greenwell K, Sivyer K, Vedhara K, et al. Intervention planning for the REDUCE maintenance intervention: a digital intervention to reduce reulceration risk among patients with a history of diabetic foot ulcers. BMJ Open. 2018;8(5):e019865 -2017-019865.
Liu C, van Netten JJ, van Baal JG, Bus SA, van der Heijden F. Automatic detection of diabetic foot complications with infrared thermography by asymmetric analysis. J Biomed Opt. 2015 Feb;20(2):26003.
van Doremalen RFM, van Netten JJ, van Baal JG, Vollenbroek-Hutten MMR, van der Heijden F. Validation of low-cost smartphone-based thermal camera for diabetic foot assessment. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2019 Mar;149:132-139.
Pitei DL, Foster A, Edmonds M. The effect of regular callus removal on foot pressures. J Foot Ankle Surg. 1999 Jul-Aug;38(4):251-255. discussion 306.
Young MJ, Cavanagh PR, Thomas G, Johnson MM, Murray H, Boulton AJ. The effect of callus removal on dynamic plantar foot pressures in diabetic patients. Diabet Med. 1992 Jan-Feb;9(1):55-57.
Arts ML, de Haart M, Waaijman R, et al. Data-driven directions for effective footwear provision for the high-risk diabetic foot. Diabet Med. 2015 Jun;32(6):790-797.
van Netten JJ, Lazzarini PA, Armstrong DG, Bus SA, Fitridge R, Harding K, et al. Diabetic Foot Australia guideline on footwear for people with diabetes. J Foot Ankle Res 2018 Jan 15;11:2-017-0244-z. eCollection 2018.
Arts ML, de Haart M, Bus SA, Bakker JP, Hacking HG, Nollet F. Perceived usability and use of custom-made footwear in diabetic patients at high risk for foot ulceration. J Rehabil Med. 2014 Apr;46:357-362.
Van Netten JJ, Jannink MJA, Hijmans JM, Geertzen JHB, Postema K. Use and usability of custom-made orthopedic shoes. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2010;47(1):73-82.
Keukenkamp R, Merkx MJ, Busch-Westbroek TE, Bus SA. An explorative study on the efficacy and feasibility of the use of motivational interviewing to improve footwear adherence in persons with diabetes at high risk for foot ulceration. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 2018 Mar;108(2):90-99.
Bus SA, Waaijman R, Nollet F. New monitoring technology to objectively assess adherence to prescribed footwear and assistive devices during ambulatory activity. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2012 Nov;93:2075-2079.
Lutjeboer T, van Netten JJ, Postema K, Hijmans JM. Validity and feasibility of a temperature sensor for measuring use and non-use of orthopaedic footwear. J Rehabil Med. 2018 Nov 7;50(10):920-926.
Salsich GB, Mueller MJ, Hastings MK, Sinacore DR, Strube MJ, Johnson JE. Effect of Achilles tendon lengthening on ankle muscle performance in people with diabetes mellitus and a neuropathic plantar ulcer. Phys Ther. 2005 Jan;85(1):34-43.
Finestone AS, Tamir E, Ron G, Wiser I, Agar G. Surgical offloading procedures for diabetic foot ulcers compared to best non-surgical treatment: a study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. J Foot Ankle Res 2018 Feb 20;11:6-018-0248-3. eCollection 2018.
Kanchanasamut W, Pensri P. Effects of weight-bearing exercise on a mini-trampoline on foot mobility, plantar pressure and sensation of diabetic neuropathic feet; a preliminary study. Diabet Foot Ankle. 2017 Feb 20;8(1):1287239.
Fayed EE, Badr NM, Mahmoud S, Hakim SA. Exercise therapy improves plantar pressure distribution in patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy. International Journal of Pharm Tech Research. 2016;9(5):151-159.
Cerrahoglu L, Kosan U, Sirin TC, Ulusoy A. Range of motion and plantar pressure evaluation for the effects of self-care foot exercises on diabetic patients with and without neuropathy. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 2016 May;106(3):189-200.
Goldsmith JR, Lidtke RH, Shott S. The effects of range-of-motion therapy on the plantar pressures of patients with diabetes mellitus. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 2002 Oct;92(9):483-490.
McCabe CJ, Stevenson RC, Dolan AM. Evaluation of a diabetic foot screening and protection programme. Diabet Med. 1998 Jan;15(1):80-84.
Lipscombe J, Jassal SV, Bailey S, Bargman JM, Vas S, Oreopoulos DG. Chiropody may prevent amputations in diabetic patients on peritoneal dialysis. Perit Dial Int. 2003 May-Jun;23(3):255-259.
McMurray SD, Johnson G, Davis S, McDougall K. Diabetes education and care management significantly improve patient outcomes in the dialysis unit. Am J Kidney Dis. 2002 Sep;40(3):566-575.
Jones NJ, Chess J, Cawley S, Phillips AO, Riley SG. Prevalence of risk factors for foot ulceration in a general haemodialysis population. Int Wound J. 2013;10(6):683-688.
Kaminski MR, Raspovic A, McMahon LP, et al. Factors associated with foot ulceration and amputation in adults on dialysis: a cross-sectional observational study. BMC Nephrol. 2017 Sep 8;18(1):293 -017-0711-6.
Otte J, van Netten JJ, Woittiez AJ. The association of chronic kidney disease and dialysis treatment with foot ulceration and major amputation. J Vasc Surg. 2015 Aug;62(2):406-411.
Rathsman B, Jensen-Urstad K, Nystrom T. Intensified insulin treatment is associated with improvement in skin microcirculation and ischaemic foot ulcer in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus: a long-term follow-up study. Diabetologia. 2014 Aug;57(8):1703-1710.
Jeffcoate WJ. Stratification of foot risk predicts the incidence of new foot disease, but do we yet know that the adoption of routine screening reduces it? Diabetologia. 2011 May;54(5):991-993.
Krishnan S, Nash F, Baker N, Fowler D, Rayman G. Reduction in diabetic amputations over 11 years in a defined U.K. population: benefits of multidisciplinary team work and continuous prospective audit. Diabetes Care. 2008 Jan;31(1):99-101.
Larsson J, Apelqvist J, Agardh CD, Stenstrom A. Decreasing incidence of major amputation in diabetic patients: a consequence of a multidisciplinary foot care team approach? Diabet Med. 1995 Sep;12(9):770-776.
Bus SA, van Netten JJ. A shift in priority in diabetic foot care and research: 75% of foot ulcers are preventable. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2016 Jan;32(Suppl 1):195-200.
Aan de Stegge WB, Mejaiti N, van Netten JJ, Dijkgraaf MGW, van Baal JG, Busch-Westbroek TE, et al. The cost-effectiveness and cost-utility of at-home infrared temperature monitoring in reducing the incidence of foot ulcer recurrence in patients with diabetes (DIATEMP): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2018 Sep 24;19(1):520-018-2890-2.
Monteiro RL, Sartor CD, Ferreira JSSP, Dantas MGB, Bus SA, Sacco ICN. Protocol for evaluating the effects of a foot-ankle therapeutic exercise program on daily activity, foot-ankle functionality, and biomechanics in people with diabetic polyneuropathy: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2018 Nov 14;19(1):400 -018-2323-0.

Keywords: diabetes mellitus; diabetic foot; foot ulcer; home monitoring; podiatry; prevention; self-management; shoes; surgery; systematic review

Date Created: 20200121 Date Completed: 20210122 Latest Revision: 20210122

20221213

10.1002/dmrr.3270

31957213