Metronidazole resistance and nim genes in anaerobes: A review.

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  • Additional Information
    • Source:
      Publisher: Academic Press Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 9505216 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1095-8274 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 10759964 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Anaerobe Subsets: MEDLINE
    • Publication Information:
      Publication: London : Academic Press
      Original Publication: London ; San Diego : Academic Press, c1995-
    • Subject Terms:
      Drug Resistance, Bacterial*; Anti-Infective Agents/*pharmacology ; Bacteria, Anaerobic/*drug effects ; Metronidazole/*pharmacology; Bacteria, Anaerobic/enzymology ; Bacteria, Anaerobic/genetics ; Genetic Variation ; Nitroimidazoles/metabolism ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Oxidoreductases/genetics ; Oxidoreductases/metabolism
    • Abstract:
      Acquired resistance to metronidazole, a 5-nitroimidazole drug largely used worldwide in the empirical treatment of infections caused by anaerobes, is worrisome, especially since such resistance has been described in multidrug-resistant anaerobic bacteria. In anaerobes, acquired resistance to metronidazole may be due to a combination of various and complex mechanisms. Among them, nim genes, possibly located on mobile genetic elements, encode nitro-imidazole-reductases responsible for drug inactivation. Since the first description of Nim proteins about 25 years ago, more nim genes have been identified; currently 11 nim genes are known (nimA to nimK). Mostly reported in Bacteroides fragilis group isolates, nim genes are now described in a variety of anaerobic genera encompassing the 4 main groups of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacilli and cocci, with variable expression ranging from phenotypically silent to low-level or high-level resistance to metronidazole. This review describes the trends of metronidazole resistance rates among anaerobes over the past 20 years and summarizes current knowledge on mechanisms involved in this resistance. It also provides an update on the phylogenetic and geographical distribution of nim genes, the mechanisms involved in their expression and regulation, and their role in metronidazole resistance.
      (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
    • Contributed Indexing:
      Keywords: Anaerobes; Metronidazole; Resistance; nim gene
    • Accession Number:
      0 (Anti-Infective Agents)
      0 (Nitroimidazoles)
      140QMO216E (Metronidazole)
      EC 1.- (Oxidoreductases)
      Y8U32AZ5O7 (4-nitroimidazole)
    • Publication Date:
      Date Created: 20181015 Date Completed: 20190527 Latest Revision: 20190527
    • Publication Date:
      20231215
    • Accession Number:
      10.1016/j.anaerobe.2018.10.004
    • Accession Number:
      30316817