Genome plasticity in response to stress in Tetrahymena thermophila: selective and reversible chromosome amplification and paralogous expansion of metallothionein genes.

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  • Additional Information
    • Source:
      Publisher: Blackwell Science Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 100883692 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1462-2920 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 14622912 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Environ Microbiol Subsets: MEDLINE
    • Publication Information:
      Original Publication: Oxford : Blackwell Science, 1999-
    • Subject Terms:
      Genome, Protozoan*; Metallothionein/*genetics ; Tetrahymena thermophila/*genetics; Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Chromosomes ; Metallothionein/metabolism ; Stress, Physiological ; Tetrahymena thermophila/physiology ; Up-Regulation
    • Abstract:
      Extreme stress situations can induce genetic variations including genome reorganization. In ciliates like Tetrahymena thermophila, the approximately 45-fold ploidy of the somatic macronucleus may enable adaptive responses that depend on genome plasticity. To identify potential genome-level adaptations related to metal toxicity, we isolated three Tetrahymena thermophila strains after an extended adaptation period to extreme metal concentrations (Cd 2+ , Cu 2+ or Pb 2+ ). In the Cd-adapted strain, we found a approximately five-fold copy number increase of three genes located in the same macronuclear chromosome, including two metallothionein genes, MTT1 and MTT3. The apparent amplification of this macronuclear chromosome was reversible and reproducible, depending on the presence of environmental metal. We also analysed three knockout (KO) and/or knockdown (KD) strains for MTT1 and/or MTT5. In the MTT5KD strain, we found at least two new genes arising from paralogous expansion of MTT1, which encode truncated variants of MTT1. The expansion can be explained by a model based on somatic recombination between MTT1 genes on pairs of macronuclear chromosomes. At least two of the new paralogs are transcribed and upregulated in response to Cd 2+ . Altogether, we have thus identified two distinct mechanisms, both involving genomic plasticity in the polyploid macronucleus that may represent adaptive responses to metal-related stress.
      (© 2018 Society for Applied Microbiology and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)
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    • Grant Information:
      R01 GM105783 United States GM NIGMS NIH HHS
    • Accession Number:
      9038-94-2 (Metallothionein)
    • Publication Date:
      Date Created: 20180425 Date Completed: 20190926 Latest Revision: 20200306
    • Publication Date:
      20231215
    • Accession Number:
      PMC6117198
    • Accession Number:
      10.1111/1462-2920.14251
    • Accession Number:
      29687579