[Arboviruses also have an American dream].

Les arbovirus ont aussi leur « rêve américain ».

Publisher: Lavoisier Country of Publication: France NLM ID: 9212564 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1961-9049 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00379085 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Bull Soc Pathol Exot Subsets: MEDLINE

Publication: [Paris] : Lavoisier
Original Publication: Paris : Masson, [1990-

Arboviruses*/isolation & purification ; Arboviruses*/physiology ; Chikungunya virus*/isolation & purification ; Chikungunya virus*/physiology ; Disease Outbreaks*/statistics & numerical data; Chikungunya Fever/*epidemiology; Aedes/virology ; Americas/epidemiology ; Animals ; Culex/virology ; Global Health/trends ; Humans ; Insect Vectors/virology ; Travel ; United States

Some arboviruses that originated in the Old World have been introduced by humans into the American continent. The first of them was the yellow fever virus, coming from the West African coast with slaves in the 17th-19th centuries, followed by dengue viruses, which were always prevalent within the Americas. Next was theWest Nile virus, introduced in New York in 1999, that spread in only a few years over the whole continent. Then, Chikungunya virus arrived on Saint Martin Island in 2013 after its outbreak in Polynesia; it is now widespread in the Caribbean Islands and on the American continent from the United States to Brazil. Finally, Zika virus, already active in Asia and in the South Pacific region, was introduced in Brazil and spread between the southern part of United States and south Brazil. These unexpected emergences are the consequence of the generalization of transoceanic trading; so, it is humans who are truly responsible for such transportation of viruses from the African and Asian continents. The mechanisms of virus establishment in unusual ecosystems have to be analyzed in order to understand the conditions for the circulation of the viruses, which supposes an adaptation to new hosts and vectors that are sometimes local species (like Culex vectors of West Nile virus) but mainly previously introduced mosquitoes (like Aedes aegypti and/or Aedes albopictus). Over time, all these vectors developed a strong anthropophily and, most of them, a remarkable adaptation to urban environment; hence, these arboviruses can disseminate both in rural and urban context. This type of arboviral emergences will certainly continue in the following years and we must imperatively develop preventive strategies by detecting virus mutations with capacity for emergence, enhancing the sensibility and rapidity of epidemiological surveillance, and becoming ready to face such events that cause a truly international health crisis.

Keywords: Aedes aegypti; Aedes albopictus; American continent; Arbovirus; Chikungunya; Culex nigripalpus; Culex pipiens; Culex quinquefasciatus; Culex tarsalis; Dengue; Emerging viral diseases; Epidemiology; Haemagogus; Mosquito vectors; Sabethes; West Nile; Yellow fever; Zika

Date Created: 20170517 Date Completed: 20180423 Latest Revision: 20180423

20231215

10.1007/s13149-017-0557-y

28509947