Recruiting Diverse Smokers: Enrollment Yields and Cost.

Publisher: MDPI Country of Publication: Switzerland NLM ID: 101238455 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1660-4601 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 16604601 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Int J Environ Res Public Health Subsets: MEDLINE

Original Publication: Basel : MDPI, c2004-

Patient Selection*; Smoking/*ethnology; Adult ; Advertising/methods ; Black or African American ; Biomedical Research ; California ; Costs and Cost Analysis ; Female ; Hispanic or Latino ; Humans ; Internet ; Male ; North Carolina ; Research Design ; Social Media ; Socioeconomic Factors ; United States

To help tobacco control research better include vulnerable populations, we sought to identify effective ways to recruit diverse smokers. In 2014-2015, we recruited 2149 adult cigarette smokers in California and North Carolina, United States, to participate in a randomized trial of pictorial cigarette pack warnings. The most effective means of recruiting smokers were the classified advertising website Craigslist (28% of participants), word of mouth (23%), Facebook (16%), and flyers or postcards (14%). Low-income and African American smokers were more likely to respond to interpersonal contact (including staff in-person recruitment and word of mouth) than were high-income and non-African American smokers (all p < 0.05). Hispanic and gay, lesbian, and bisexual smokers were more likely to be recruited by Craigslist than non-Hispanic and straight smokers (both p < 0.05). Of the recruitment methods requiring cost, the cheapest was Craigslist ($3-7 per smoker). The most expensive methods were newspaper ads in California ($375 per smoker) and staff in-person recruiting in North Carolina ($180 per smoker). Successfully recruiting diverse smokers requires using multiple methods including interpersonal, online, and other media. Craigslist and word of mouth are especially useful and low-cost ways to recruit diverse smokers.
Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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P30 CA016086 United States CA NCI NIH HHS

Keywords: African American; GLB; Hispanic; low-income; recruitment; tobacco; transgender

Date Created: 20161222 Date Completed: 20170726 Latest Revision: 20221207

20221213

PMC5201392

10.3390/ijerph13121251

27999280