Dietary Fluoride Intake and Associated Skeletal and Dental Fluorosis in School Age Children in Rural Ethiopian Rift Valley.

Publisher: MDPI Country of Publication: Switzerland NLM ID: 101238455 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1660-4601 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 16604601 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Int J Environ Res Public Health Subsets: MEDLINE

Original Publication: Basel : MDPI, c2004-

Water Supply*; Fluoride Poisoning/*epidemiology ; Fluoride Poisoning/*etiology ; Fluorides/*toxicity ; Fluorosis, Dental/*epidemiology ; Water/*chemistry; Bone Diseases/epidemiology ; Bone Diseases/etiology ; Calcium/metabolism ; Child ; Diet ; Environment ; Ethiopia/epidemiology ; Fluorides/analysis ; Fluorides/urine ; Humans ; Male ; Prevalence ; Prospective Studies ; Rural Population

An observational study was conducted to determine dietary fluoride intake, diet, and prevalence of dental and skeletal fluorosis of school age children in three fluorosis endemic districts of the Ethiopian Rift Valley having similar concentrations of fluoride (F) in drinking water (~5 mg F/L). The duplicate plate method was used to collect foods consumed by children over 24 h from 20 households in each community (n = 60) and the foods, along with water and beverages, were analyzed for fluoride (F) content. Prevalence of dental and skeletal fluorosis was determined using presence of clinical symptoms in children (n = 220). Daily dietary fluoride intake was at or above tolerable upper intake level (UL) of 10 mg F/day and the dietary sources (water, prepared food and beverages) all contributed to the daily fluoride burden. Urinary fluoride in children from Fentale and Adamitulu was almost twice (>5 mg/L) the concentration found in urine from children from Alaba, where rain water harvesting was most common. Severe and moderate dental fluorosis was found in Alaba and Adamitulu, the highest severity and prevalence being in the latter district where staple foods were lowest in calcium. Children in all three areas showed evidence of both skeletal and non-skeletal fluorosis. Our data support the hypothesis that intake of calcium rich foods in addition to using rain water for household consumption and preparation of food, may help in reducing risk of fluorosis in Ethiopia, but prospective studies are needed.

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Keywords: Ethiopian Rift Valley; calcium; dental fluorosis; dietary fluoride; skeletal fluorosis

059QF0KO0R (Water)
Q80VPU408O (Fluorides)
SY7Q814VUP (Calcium)

Date Created: 20160730 Date Completed: 20170804 Latest Revision: 20181202

20221213

PMC4997442

10.3390/ijerph13080756

27472351