Always Blame the Americans: Anti-Americanism in Europe in the Twentieth Century.

ANTI-Americanism; SPORTS; TECHNOLOGICAL innovations; INTERNATIONAL relations & culture; CULTURE; EUROPEAN foreign relations; FOREIGN opinion of the United States

UNITED States; EUROPE

The article discusses anti-Americanism and philo-Americanism in Europe from 1776 to September 11, 2001. The author argues that the sentiments are not monolithic, nor are they based specifically on U.S. policies or international activity, rather they are complicated and deeply seated emotional reactions to challenges to European culture. The reverse emotion, philo-Americanism, is the positive response to, and appreciation of American innovations and cultural entities, such as technology and sports.