Upstroke wing flexion and the inertial cost of bat flight.

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  • Author(s): Riskin DK;Riskin DK; Bergou A; Breuer KS; Swartz SM
  • Source:
    Proceedings. Biological sciences [Proc Biol Sci] 2012 Aug 07; Vol. 279 (1740), pp. 2945-50. Date of Electronic Publication: 2012 Apr 11.
  • Publication Type:
    Journal Article
  • Language:
    English
  • Additional Information
    • Source:
      Publisher: Royal Society of London Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 101245157 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1471-2954 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 09628452 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Proc Biol Sci Subsets: MEDLINE
    • Publication Information:
      Original Publication: London : Royal Society of London, c1990-
    • Subject Terms:
      Chiroptera/*anatomy & histology ; Chiroptera/*physiology ; Flight, Animal/*physiology ; Wings, Animal/*physiology; Animals ; Biomechanical Phenomena/physiology ; Energy Metabolism/physiology ; Movement/physiology
    • Abstract:
      Flying vertebrates change the shapes of their wings during the upstroke, thereby decreasing wing surface area and bringing the wings closer to the body than during downstroke. These, and other wing deformations, might reduce the inertial cost of the upstroke compared with what it would be if the wings remained fully extended. However, wing deformations themselves entail energetic costs that could exceed any inertial energy savings. Using a model that incorporates detailed three-dimensional wing kinematics, we estimated the inertial cost of flapping flight for six bat species spanning a 40-fold range of body masses. We estimate that folding and unfolding comprises roughly 44 per cent of the inertial cost, but that the total inertial cost is only approximately 65 per cent of what it would be if the wing remained extended and rigid throughout the wingbeat cycle. Folding and unfolding occurred mostly during the upstroke; hence, our model suggests inertial cost of the upstroke is not less than that of downstroke. The cost of accelerating the metacarpals and phalanges accounted for around 44 per cent of inertial costs, although those elements constitute only 12 per cent of wing weight. This highlights the energetic benefit afforded to bats by the decreased mineralization of the distal wing bones.
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    • Publication Date:
      Date Created: 20120413 Date Completed: 20121130 Latest Revision: 20211021
    • Publication Date:
      20231215
    • Accession Number:
      PMC3385481
    • Accession Number:
      10.1098/rspb.2012.0346
    • Accession Number:
      22496186