Drinking Water Contamination and its Solving Approaches: A Comprehensive Review of Current Knowledge and Future Directions.

This review contributes to the sustainable design and development of advanced techniques to address the growing problem of water pollution. Water is a fundamental importance for every living creature on the earth. It is necessary for the synthesis, structure, and movement of cellular components, nutrient transport, and body metabolism. The water is contaminated by various activates such as modernization, urbanization and population. When pollutants enter the ecosystem, they are found in various forms by humans, animals, plants, and microbes, starting a cycle that is harmful to both the ecosystem and human health. The contaminants in water disrupt the mechanism spontaneity and cause short and long-term waterborne diseases. In this review, the probable contaminations and their potential pathways are explored. The presence of relatively low concentrations of emerging pollutants in the aquatic environment cannot be eliminated by conventional water/wastewater treatment processes. This brings new challenges in terms of making an appropriate selection of technologies from an economic, technical, and environmental perspective. To address the drinking water pollution problems, a number of technologies have been proposed, such as adsorption, ion exchange, electro-techniques, membrane separation, and precipitation techniques. The results of ongoing research efforts include some processes and technology for purifying contaminated water were discussed. This review presents the technologies, concepts and potentials in an understandable way. Further, the difficulties encountered in applying this technique will be examined, and future directions will be delineated. Additionally, it contains some significant hybrid technologies and upcoming technologies that look promising and which can resolve a large number of current problems. Future water treatment should concentrate on combining natural and engineered systems to supply drinking water in a way that is economically viable, environmentally responsible, resource-recyclable, and technically efficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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