From immunomodulation to therapeutic prospects: Unveiling the biology of butyrophilins in cancer.

Butyrophilin (BTN) proteins are a type of membrane protein that belongs to the Ig superfamily. They exhibit a high degree of structural similarity to molecules in the B7 family. They fulfill a complex function in regulating immune responses, including immunomodulatory roles, as they influence γδ T cells. The biology of BTN molecules indicates that they are capable of inhibiting the immune system's ability to detect antigens within tumors. A dynamic association between BTN molecules and cellular surfaces is also recognized in specific contexts, influencing their biology. Notably, the dynamism of BTN3A1 is associated with the immunosuppression of T cells or the activation of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells. Cancer immunotherapy relies heavily on T cells to modulate immune function within the intricate interaction of the tumor microenvironment (TME). A significant interaction between the TME and antitumor immunity involves the presence of BTN, which should be taken into account when developing immunotherapy. This review explores potential therapeutic applications of BTN molecules, based on the current understanding of their biology. Significance Statement: Butyrophilin (BTN) molecules have gained significant attention in the realm of cancer treatment due to their emerging roles in the regulation of immune responses. BTN proteins are members of the immunoglobulin superfamily and are expressed on the surface of various cells, including immune cells. The significance of BTN molecules in cancer treatment lies in their ability to modulate immune responses and enhance antitumor immunity, making them potential targets for novel immunotherapy approaches that aim to improve cancer patient outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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