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IRK-IRKÇILIK-SÖMÜRGECİLİK-EMPERYALİZM VE SINIF BAĞLANTILARI. (Turkish)
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- Author(s): ŞENEL, Alâeddin
- Source:
Community & Physician / Toplum ve Hekim; may/haz2024, Vol. 39 Issue 3, p165-182, 18p- Subject Terms:
- Source:
- Additional Information
- Alternate Title: Race-Racism-Colonialism-Imperialism and Class Connections. (English)
- Abstract: In the introduction and section I, the “Biological Evolutionary” (nature) and “Cultural Evolutionary” (nurture) sources of racist thinking and behaviour are distinguished and examined. In section II, the “xenophobia” inherited from the “Primitive Community” phase to contemporary class societies by thinking and behaviour driven by the classification of “binary opposites” (for example, day-night, friend-enemy) is discussed. In III. section, examples of racism in class societies before “the scientific concept of race” are given: One of them is the “divine = aristocratic” “hero worship cult” in Ancient Greece in the West. The other is Plato’s utopian racism (in his Republic), which I describe as “Breedism”. “Caste racism” based on the teachings of Varna (colour discrimination) and reincarnation (soul transmigration) discrimination from the Indian (Gangean) civilization in the Ancient East. The section IV focuses on racial hatred and prejudices that were derived and disseminated in the West by the introduction of the “pseudoscientific concept of race” (abusing with the Scientific Revolution’s “scientific race” concept) in the 18th Century. In section V, after the “scientific concept of race” (in the 19th and 20th centuries), racist thoughts and movements: Social Darwinism, Ethology, Sociobiology, genetic reductionism are presented. In section VI, the conditions of internal class struggles and external colonialism that led the capitalist Western bourgeoisie to adopt the doctrine of racism (inspired by the works of Gumplowicz and Gobineau) are explained. In section VII, examples from contemporary racist movements and racist political orders are given: the Apartheid regime based on racial discrimination in the Republic of South Africa, and Zionism vs. Anti-Zionism debates. In section VIII, how the working classes of colonialist/imperialist countries were drawn into the vortex of racism with the myth of the “Nazi Aryan Pure Superior Race” and by raising the pseudo-scientific race belief to its peak with the theories of Spencer and Rosenberg is depicted. In a subsequent development, it is illustrated that the petty bourgeois intellectuals of the old empires that collapsed took the lead of the most extreme forms of contemporary racisms, such as Pan-Germanism, Pan-Slavism and Pan-Turanism. In the CONCLUSION, this short essay on the history of racism is concluded by touching on the danger of reviving racism around the “problem” of immigrant (foreign?) workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Abstract: Girişte ve I. bölümde, ırkçı düşünüş ve davranışın “Biyolojik Evrimsel” (doğuştan) ve “Kültürel Evrimsel” (eğitsel) kaynakları ayırt edilerek incelenmekte. II. bölümde, “İlkel Topluluk” evresinden kültür yoluyla kalıtılan “ikili zıtlıklar” (örneğin gece-gündüz, dost-düşman) sınıflandırması aracılığıyla yönlendirilen düşünüş ve davranışın uygar sınıflı toplumlara kalıtı olan “yabancı düşmanlığı” (ksenofobi) ele alınmakta. III. bölümde, bilimsel ırk kavramı öncesinin sınıflı toplumlarında ırkçılık örnekleri verilmekte: Batıda Eski Yunan’da “tanrısoylu=aristokratik” “kahramana tapış kültü” onlardan biri. Ötekisi, Platon’un (Devlet’indeki) “Damızlıkçılık” olarak nitelediğim ütopyacı ırkçılığı. Eski Doğu’da Hint (Ganj) uygarlığından Varna (renk ayrımcılığı) ve reenkarnasyon (ruhgöçü) ayrımı öğretilerine dayandırılan “kast ırkçılığı”. IV. bölümde, çağdaş Batı’da Bilimsel Devrim ile birlikte bilimsel ırk kavramının kötüye kullanımıyla “sözdebilimsel ırk kavramı”nın önerilişi (18. Yüzyıl) sırasında türetilip yaygınlaştırılan ırkçı nefret ve önyargılar üzerinde durulmakta. V. Bölümde, “bilimsel ırk kavramı” sonrasında (19. ve 20. Yüzyıllarda) ırkçı düşünüş ve akımlar: Sosyal Darvincilik, Etholoji, Sosyobiyoloji, genetik indirgemecilik sergilenmekte. VI. bölümde, kapitalist Batı burjuvazisinin, ırkçılık öğretisini (Gumplowicz’in ve Gobineau’nun yapıtlarından esinlenilerek) benimsenmesine yol açan içte sınıf kavgası, dışta sömürgecilik koşulları anlatılmakta. VII. bölümde, çağdaş ırkçı akımlardan ve ırkçı siyasal düzenlerden örnekler: Güney Afrika Cumhuriyeti “Apartheid” ırk ayrımcılığı ile Siyonizm-Antisiyonizm tartışmaları verilmekte. VIII. bölümde, “Nazi Aryan Saf Üstün Irk” mitosu ile, sözdebilimsel ırk inancının, Spencer’in ve Rosenberg’in kuramlarıyla doruğuna yükseltilmesi yoluyla sömürgeci/emperyalist ülkelerin emekçi sınıflarının ırkçılık burgacına çekilmeleri anlatılmakta. Onu izleyen bir gelişmeyle, dağılan eski imparatorlukların küçük burjuva aydın kesimlerinin çağdaş ırkçılığın, Pancermenizm, Panslavizm, Panturanizm olarak ırkçılığın en aşırı biçimlerinin öncülüğünü üstlenmeleri gözler önüne serilmekte. SONUÇ, bu kısa ırkçılık tarihçesi denemesi, göçmen (yabancı?) işçiler sorunu (?) çevresinde ırkçılığın canlandırılması tehlikesine değinilerek noktalanmaktadır. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Abstract: Copyright of Community & Physician / Toplum ve Hekim is the property of Turk Tabipleri Birligi / Turkish Medical Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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