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Short-term and long-term effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on child psychological well-being: a four-wave longitudinal study.
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- Author(s): Essler, Samuel; Christner, Natalie; Paulus, Markus
- Source:
European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. Mar2024, Vol. 33 Issue 3, p909-922. 14p. - Source:
- Additional Information
- Subject Terms: CHILDREN'S health; STATISTICAL power analysis; PSYCHOLOGICAL resilience; MENTAL health; RESEARCH funding; QUESTIONNAIRES; PARENT-child relationships; PARENT attitudes; EMOTIONS; HUMAN growth; DESCRIPTIVE statistics; DISEASES; STAY-at-home orders; BEHAVIOR disorders in children; LONGITUDINAL method; MEDICAL research; PSYCHOLOGICAL stress; CONCEPTUAL structures; CHILD development; HYPERKINESIA; COVID-19 pandemic; WELL-being; PSYCHOLOGICAL adjustment testing; ECOLOGICAL research; RELAXATION for health; DISEASE risk factors; CHILDREN
- Subject Terms:
- Abstract: As the COVID-19 pandemic further unfolds, it becomes a key theoretical and practical question to identify trajectories of child psychological well-being and to explore risk and resilience factors for developmental adjustment. The current study addressed this research gap by means of an ecological design: A (lockdown)–B (relaxation)–B (relaxation)–A (lockdown). We collected parental reports via online questionnaires over four measurement occasions during the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany (non-probabilistic sample): from the first lockdown (T1—spring 2020, N = 1769) to the following period of relaxation (T2—summer 2020, n = 873; T3—fall 2020, n = 729) on to the second lockdown (T4—winter 2020/21, n = 748). Key measures at T1–T4 were child emotional and behavioral problems as well as hyperactivity, child emotional and family-related well-being, parental strain, and parent–child relationship quality. We found evidence for quadratic growth models. While child problem behaviors (b = 0.32, p < 0.001) and emotional well-being (b = − 0.33, p < 0.001) improved after the first lockdown during subsequent periods of relaxation before worsening again in the second lockdown, child family-related well-being steadily decreased over all four measurement points (T1–T2: p < 0.001; T2–T3: p = 0.045; T3–T4: p = 0.030). Importantly, parental stress emerged as a strong risk factor (ps < 0.11) and the parent–child relationship quality constituted a resilience factor (p = 0.049) for child psychological well-being. These findings have major implications for policies aiming to further child health during the COVID-19 pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Abstract: Copyright of European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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