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Universalismos en disputa y convergencia: jesuitas, letrados y los primeros relatos en China sobre el "descubrimiento" y la evangelización de América.
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- Author(s): Vidal Kunstmann, José Miguel1
- Source:
Historia Crítica. ene-mar2024, Issue 91, p3-30. 28p. - Source:
- Additional Information
- Alternate Title: Universalisms in dispute and convergence: Jesuits, Literati, and China's early Accounts about the "Discovery" and Evangelization of America.
Universalismos concorrentes e convergentes: jesuítas, eruditos e os primeiros relatos chineses sobre a "descoberta" e a evangelização das Américas. - Subject Terms:
- Subject Terms:
- Abstract: Objetivo/Contexto: Este artículo investiga cómo siete letrados de las dinastías Ming (1368-1644) y Qing (1644-1912), cuyas obras versan sobre la geografía e historia mundial, interactuaron y negociaron con las narrativas jesuitas en chino sobre el "descubrimiento" y evangelización de América. El objetivo principal es dilucidar las diferencias y similitudes entre las perspectivas de ambas partes sobre estos eventos, resaltando el papel que el encuentro entre los universalismos del confucianismo y el cristianismo jugó en dichas interpretaciones. Metodología: Se emplea un análisis textual, comparativo e histórico-contextual, enmarcado en las perspectivas teóricas de Nicolas Standaert y Pingyi Chu sobre el encuentro sino-jesuita como un caso de intercambio cultural. En él se negociaron conocimientos mediante la selección de elementos textuales y de la reestructuración de marcos conceptuales. Con ello, se contrastan las narrativas sobre el "descubrimiento" y evangelización de América en obras chinas con la descripción jesuita sobre estos eventos, y se investigan los factores contextuales que determinaron tanto la creación de estas narrativas por parte de la misión jesuita en China como las reacciones de letrados chinos hacia ellas. Originalidad: Este es un estudio pionero en examinar la recepción de los primeros relatos en China sobre contactos euroamericanos. Busca contribuir al campo de la historia intelectual china y global, al poner en discusión cómo un evento fundacional de la cosmovisión europea fue resignificado desde diversas perspectivas por letrados chinos interesados en incorporar los relatos sobre el "descubrimiento" en sus obras y en integrarlos en el camino del universalismo confuciano. Conclusiones: Las narrativas sobre estos eventos fueron espacios discursivos donde tuvieron lugar disputas y convergencias entre los proyectos civilizadores del cristianismo y el confucianismo. El modo en que letrados chinos las integraron en sus trabajos refleja cómo la transmisión de la visión de mundo cristiano se sometió a marcos locales que reforzaron ideas etnocéntricas. Inevitablemente, esto condujo a la emergencia de interpretaciones alternativas a la europea sobre la historia de América en la China imperial tardía. Esto último desafió la mirada etnocéntrica europea, que en buena medida se fundamentó en el "descubrimiento" y evangelización de América, y muestra cómo los letrados chinos usaron sus narrativas para la defensa de su propia civilización. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Abstract: Objective/Context: This article investigates how seven literati of the Ming (1368-1644) and Qing (1644-1912) dynasties, whose works deal with geography and world history, interacted and negotiated with Jesuit narratives in Chinese on the "discovery" and evangelization of America. The main objective is to elucidate the differences and similarities between the two sides' perspectives on these events, highlighting the role that the encounter between the universalisms of Confucianism and Christianity played in these interpretations. Methodology: A textual, comparative and historical-contextual analysis is employed, framed by Nicolas Standaert and Pingyi Chu's theoretical perspectives on the Sino-Jesuit encounter as a case of cultural exchange. In it, knowledge was negotiated through the selection of textual elements and the restructuring of conceptual frameworks. In doing so, narratives about the "discovery" and evangelization of America in Chinese works are contrasted with Jesuit descriptions of these events and the contextual factors that determined both the creation of these narratives by the Jesuit mission in China and the reactions of Chinese scholars to them are investigated. Originality: This pioneering study examines the reception of early Chinese accounts of Euro-American contacts. It seeks to contribute to the field of Chinese and global intellectual history by discussing how a foundational event of the European worldview was re-signified from various perspectives by Chinese scholars interested in incorporating the «discovery» narratives into their works and integrating them into the path of Confucian universalism. Conclusions: The narratives about these events were discursive spaces where disputes and convergences between the civilizing projects of Christianity and Confucianism took place. The way in which Chinese scholars integrated them into their works reflects how the transmission of the Christian worldview was subjected to local frameworks that reinforced ethnocentric ideas. Inevitably, this led to the emergence of alternatives to European interpretations of American history in late imperial China. The latter challenged the European ethnocentric gaze, primarily grounded in the "discovery" and evangelization of America, and shows how Chinese scholars used their narratives to defend their civilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Abstract: Objetivo/Contexto: neste artigo, investiga-se como sete eruditos das dinastias Ming (1368-1644) e Qing (1644-1912), cujas obras tratam da geografia e da história mundial, interagiram e negociaram com as narrativas jesuítas em chinês sobre a "descoberta" e a evangelização da América. O objetivo principal é elucidar as diferenças e as semelhanças entre as perspectivas dos dois lados sobre esses eventos, destacando o papel que o encontro entre os universalismos do confucionismo e do cristianismo desempenhou nessas interpretações. Metodologia: foi empregada uma análise textual, comparativa e histórico-contextual, emoldurada pelas perspectivas teóricas de Nicolas Standaert e Pingyi Chu sobre o encontro sino-jesuíta como um caso de intercâmbio cultural. O conhecimento foi negociado por meio da seleção de elementos textuais e da reestruturação de enquadramentos conceituais. Ao fazer isso, são contrastadas as narrativas sobre a "descoberta" e a evangelização da América nas obras chinesas com as representações jesuítas desses eventos, e são investigados os fatores contextuais que determinaram tanto a criação dessas narrativas pela missão jesuíta na China quanto as reações dos acadêmicos chineses a elas. Originalidade: este é um estudo pioneiro na análise da recepção dos primeiros relatos chineses sobre os contatos euro-americanos. Ele busca contribuir para o campo da história intelectual chinesa e global ao trazer à discussão como um evento fundamental da visão de mundo europeia foi ressignificado a partir de várias perspectivas pelos eruditos chineses interessados em incorporar os relatos da "descoberta" em suas obras e integrá-los ao caminho do universalismo confucionista. Conclusões: as narrativas sobre esses eventos foram espaços discursivos onde ocorreram disputas e convergências entre os projetos civilizatórios do cristianismo e do confucionismo. A maneira como os estudiosos chineses os integraram em suas obras reflete como a transmissão da visão de mundo cristã foi submetida a estruturas locais que reforçaram as ideias etnocêntricas. Inevitavelmente, isso levou ao surgimento de interpretações alternativas às europeias da história americana na China imperial tardia. Este último aspecto desafia o olhar etnocêntrico europeu, que se baseava em grande parte na "descoberta" e evangelização da América, e mostra como os estudiosos chineses usaram suas narrativas para defender sua civilização. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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