Living with alternatives: Perceived crises, meaninglessness and efforts for a meaningful life in Indian Hijras.

HIJRAS; SOCIETAL reaction; SOCIAL marginality; ETHNOGRAPHIC analysis; SOCIAL participation; SOCIAL services; LONELINESS; POLITICAL participation

To understand the life world of Indian eunuchs who face a stigmatized societal status, the present study adopted an ethnographic approach. The study explored Indian Hijras' experiences vis-à-vis mainstream society. The issues that were explored included their perception of their societal status, their perceptions about the societal reaction towards them and ways they navigate through these challenges to create a meaningful life. A theoretical sample of eight Hijras was drawn and studied using semi-structured interviews and participant observation. Data was analysed using ethnographic content analysis and researcher's reflection. Results reveal that hijras experience a life of crisis, which is fuelled by rejection in social relationships (particularly family), discrimination and exclusion at an early age, bullying, and their popular perception as sex workers. Their crises is financial (poverty and lack of employment opportunities), social and psychological (questioning one's gender identity), resulting in isolation, loneliness, feeling of being abandoned, of being wronged, and perceived life dissatisfaction. All these factors contribute to meaninglessness in the lives of hijras and they start questioning their existence. Their efforts for a meaningful life revolve around cultivating familial relationships through adopting children, taking up parenting roles and nurturing the guru-chela relationship. Results also reveal positive experiences, that is largely due to their political participation and social service. The study has important policy implications for the Hijras. There is a need to create awareness about the unique life challenges of the Hijras, and help promote social justice and their right to education and employment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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