Ginsenoside Rg5 Improves Sleep by Regulating Energy Metabolism in Sleep-Deprived Rats.

ENERGY metabolism; BIOLOGICAL models; TERPENES; ANIMAL experimentation; MITOCHONDRIAL DNA; WESTERN immunoblotting; GLYCOSIDES; CELL receptors; CIRCADIAN rhythms; SLEEP disorders; TREATMENT effectiveness; RATS; PHYTOCHEMICALS; MELATONIN; GENE expression; COMPARATIVE studies; ENZYME-linked immunosorbent assay; PLANT extracts; PHYSIOLOGIC salines; NEUROTRANSMITTER receptors; EVALUATION

Sleep deprivation (SD) has become a universal social problem. There is a causal relationship between SD and energy metabolism disorder. Phytochemicals have been demonstrated to have excellent sleep-promoting effects, and studies have shown that ginsenoside Rg5 (Rg5) exerts sedative and hypnotic effects. The present study aimed to investigate the role of Rg5 in regulating energy metabolism and explore the potential mechanism of improving sleep. Sleep-deprived rats were randomly divided into a control group (Ctrl), SD model group (SD), Rg5 group (GRg5), and melatonin group (MT). Sleep-deprived model rats were generated by housing rats in an SD box for 4 weeks. The Ctrl and SD groups were given equal volumes of saline. The Rg5 groups were given 25 mg/kg Rg5 or 50 mg/kg Rg5, and the MT group was given 0.27 g/kg MT. A Western blot analysis and ELISA were used to detect the metabolic levels, mitochondrial functional proteins, AMPK pathway proteins, clock-related proteins, adenosine receptors, and neurotransmitter receptors. The results showed that Rg5 corrected abnormal glucose and lipid metabolism as well as improved ATP levels. In addition, Rg5 alleviated mitochondrial structural damage and improved the expression of proteins involved in mitochondrial biosynthesis, fission, and fusion. Moreover, Rg5 improved the expression of AMPK/PGC-1/Nrf-1 pathway proteins, regulated mitochondrial biological functions, and affected the rhythm characteristics of circadian clock-related proteins. Further, Rg5 improved the expression of A1R and A 2 A R as well as regulated the expression levels of GABAA1 α and mGluR5 to improve sleep in SD rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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