Associations of Gestational Perfluoroalkyl Substances Exposure with Early Childhood BMI 풵-Scores and Risk of Overweight/Obesity: Results from the ECHO Cohorts.

OBESITY risk factors; CONFIDENCE intervals; REGRESSION analysis; FLUOROCARBONS; SURVEYS; DESCRIPTIVE statistics; QUESTIONNAIRES; BODY mass index; DATA analysis software; ODDS ratio; LONGITUDINAL method; POISSON distribution

BACKGROUND: Gestational per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) exposure may be associated with adiposity and increased risk of obesity among children and adolescents. However, results from epidemiological studies evaluating these associations are inconsistent. OBJECTIVES: We estimated the associations of pregnancy PFAS concentrations with child body mass index (BMI) z-scores and risk of overweight/ obesity in eight U.S. cohorts. METHODS: We used data from 1,391 mother–child pairs who enrolled in eight Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) cohorts (enrolled: 1999–2019). We quantified concentrations of seven PFAS in maternal plasma or serum in pregnancy. We measured child weight and height between the ages of 2 and 5 y and calculated age- and sex-specific BMI 풵-scores; 19.6% children had more than one BMI measurement. We estimated covariate-adjusted associations of individual PFAS and their mixture with child BMI 풵-scores and risk of overweight/obesity using linear mixed models, modified Poisson regression models, and Bayesian approaches for mixtures. We explored whether child sex modified these associations. RESULTS: We observed a pattern of subtle positive associations of PFAS concentrations in pregnancy with BMI 풵-scores and risk of overweight/obesity. For instance, each doubling in perfluorohexane sulfonic acid concentrations was associated with higher BMI 풵-scores (β=0.07; 95% CI: 0.01, 0.12). Each doubling in perfluroundecanoic acid [relative risk (RR)=1.10; 95% CI: 1.04, 1.16] and 푁-methyl perfluorooctane sulfonamido acetic acid (RR=1.06; 95% CI: 1.00, 1.12) was associated with increased risk of overweight/obesity, with some evidence of a monotonic dose–response relation. We observed weaker and more imprecise associations of the PFAS mixture with BMI or risk of overweight/obesity. Associations did not differ by child sex. DISCUSSION: In eight U.S.-based prospective cohorts, gestational exposure to higher levels of PFAS were associated with slightly higher childhood BMI 풵-score and risk of overweight or obesity. Future studies should examine associations of gestational exposure to PFAS with adiposity and related cardiometabolic consequences in older children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]