Review of the Gut Microbiota Dynamics in Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM): A Focus on Human-Based Studies.

The gut microbiome contains a complex microbial community within the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), which benefits our health. Yet, studies have shown that persons with Type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), compared to healthy controls, possess gut microbiota profile differences. Therefore, this study reviewed gut microbiome dynamics in the onset and progression of T2DM, starting from insulin resistance to how its modulation by drugs, food, and pre/postbiotics influences insulin resistance. First, an in-depth inquiry was executed on Google Scholar and PUBMED using the following keywords: Biomarker AND "Therapeutic targets" AND "Gut Microbiota" OR "Gut Microbiome" AND "Type 2 diabetes" NOT Cancer, and 755 papers were retrieved. Next, two independent authors screened the papers by title and abstract, leaving 64 articles for this study. Investigations revealed that some bacterial diversities occurred before the pathogenesis associated with T2DM. According to frequently published data, T2DM was adversely related with the genera Bifidobacterium, Bacteroides, Faecalibacterium, Akkermansia, and Roseburia, while it was positively associated with the genera Ruminococcus, Fusobacterium, and Blautia. Insulin sensitivity in T2DM was also improved with butyrate-producing short-chain fatty acid bacteria. Notably, patients with T2DM were mostly identified by increased specific infectious microbes, such as Clostridium spp, whereas the majority of control samples were enriched in butyrate-producing bacteria and Lactobacillus spp. In summary, we observed several inconsistencies in T2DM disease-linked organism(s) and knowledge gaps due to inadequate data. Hence, future studies must prove the relationships between dysbiosis and the onset/progression of T2DM to provide useful information that may guide better management of T2DM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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