Invention, Interpretation, and Diffusion: A Transnational Framework for the Development of Netball, 1895–1926.

A transnational process whereby women's basketball was imported into Britain reflects a number of social and cultural themes: the femininity versus masculinity debate; the biological capabilities of women; separate gender spheres; and, institutional angst concerning unwomanly behaviour. The modification to, and revision of, the rules of basketball are a commentary on the divergence of approaches taken by pioneers of women's physical education and games. In essence, the modification of the male-orientated rules of basketball made it possible for women's basketball to flourish in the United States of America, ultimately stimulating the creation of netball in Britain. Hence, in this paper the foundation of netball is explored by examining two developmental phases in the late-Victorian and Edwardian eras. First, the professionalization of teacher training methods in physical education in Britain, 1893–1901, reinforced their status as educated, independent, and career-minded women. Second, the formation of the Ling Association in 1899 stimulated the development of netball as a modern amateur sport, and a corner-stone to the physical education curriculum in schools. In this context, a transnational framework for the development of the sport can be explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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