Византинци и писана реч.

Byzantines and the Written Word.

Byzantine civilization did not know the printed book: it was a civilization of manuscripts and manuscript books (codices) made of papyrus, parchment, and paper. The ancient Greeks bequeathed to the Byzantines the word Logos (in multiple meanings – word, speech, mind, reason, supreme principle, the divine creative power, the word of God, the word as the bearer of life and light), as the greatest treasure. The Rhomaioi (Byzantines) polished the skill of use of words and the ability to persuade with words to their full glory. However, the use of words within Byzantine civilization flourished completely and reached its apogee in literature. An important feature of the Greek language in Byzantine times (the period from the fourth to the fifteenth century) is diglossia, i.e. the existence of two different varieties of a language used under different conditions within a community – a high, socially prestigious form, used for writing, and a low, simpler, everyday spoken form. For Christians, a sensitive issue was the attitude towards the ancient pagan heritage: they accepted what did not conflict with their dogmas, and rejected the rest. Today, there are about 55,000 Greek manuscripts in the world, of which about 40,000 are Byzantine. In order to be distributed to readers and preserved from decay, manuscript books were being transcribed in scriptoriums, in which not only monks but also secular people of various professions were working. Books were very expensive. There were public, imperial, patriarchal, monastic, and private libraries, with not large collections of manuscripts. As Byzantine civilization was approaching its decline, the migration of Greek manuscripts from Byzantium to the Latin world of Western Europe began. In that way, the great heritage of ancient civilization was preserved and transferred to European countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Византијска цивилизација била је цивилизација рукописа и рукописних књига (кодекса) за које су коришћени папирус, пергамент и папир. Како би могле да се дистрибуирају до читалаца и како би се сачувале од пропадања, рукописне књиге су преписиване у скрипторијумима у којима нису деловали само монаси, него и световни људи различитих занимања. Књиге су биле веома скупе, а библиотеке јавне, царске, патријаршијске, монашке и приватне са не тако великим фондом рукописа. Како се византијска цивилизација ближила своме заласку, почела је селидба грчких рукописа из Визaнтије у латински свет западне Европе. На тај начин је велико наслеђе античке цивилизације сачувано и пренето у европске земље. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]