Urbanistinė akupunktūra sveikatai: istorinės sveiko miesto sampratos ištakos ir praktiniai sprendimų pavyzdžiai. (Lithuanian)

Urban acupuncture for health: the origins of the historical concept of a healthy city and practical examples of possible solutions. (English)

Urban planning is one of the key factors in shaping the urban environment, while also having a huge impact on the health and well-being of the urban population. The concept of urban acupuncture may be applied as a strategy for creating a healthier urban environment. This article analyzes the origins of the historical roots of a concept of a healthy city, discusses the problem of urban wastelands in contemprary cities and presents examples of their conversion to ecological green areas, which correspond to the basic principles of urban acupuncture. The methodology of this research combines the following principles of qualitative analysis: 1. The theoretical concept of a healthy city in urban history is contextualised by a discussion of historical sources and scientific publications selected on the basis of the criteria assessment, overview and discussion. 2. The practical application of the concept of urban acupuncture is illustrated by successful conversion of urban wastelands to multiple scales green public spaces. The search for a healthier urban environment began in the 19th century and was heavily influenced by the industrialization and urbanization. Concept of the healthy city in the history of modern urban planning are closely related to the green areas of a city. Until the beginning of 20th century many concepts of a modern city simply merged qualities of a city and countryside. Although currently public health is one of the main concerns of sustainable city planning, some of the health related problems within urban environment still remains unresolved. The research of architect N. de Monchaux showed the importance of small everyday-life spaces in a city and revealed patterns of cities zones of concern, which consisted of small, everyday-life, neglected spaces. Analysed examples of three different scales illustrated possibilities to convert urban wastelands into patches of urban vegetation at different scales. To illustrate, Barcelona's green infrastructure and biodiversity plan for 2020 was an example of city's planning strategy based on urban acupuncture concept, to develop a network of urban vegetation, city's „green infrastructure". Lower level intervention, which revitalised the whole district of the New York city, which even influenced economic growth and gentrification, was „The High Line" conversion project. The smallest scale projects such as pocket parks, for example, Paley park in Manhattan, contribute to everyday-life environmentthat invisibly affects psychological well-being, stimulates or limits physical activity of people and complements urban fabric with patches of nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nuo XIX a. daugelyje urbanistinių vizijų miesto aplinka buvo glaudžiai siejama su gamtine aplinka. Tai atspindėjo modernaus miesto, sveikos aplinkos ir geresnio gyvenimo viziją. Šiais laikais, naujausi moksliniai tyrimai taip pat rodo neatsiejamą ryšį tarp žmonių geros savijautos, sveikatos ir gamtinės aplinkos. Tankiai gyvenamuose miestuose pastebima urbanistinių dykrų (didelių, tuščių, apleistų, sugadintu dirvožemio plotų) konversijos į ekologines žaliąsias zonas tendencija kaip alternatyva brangiai kainuojančioms tradicinėms žaliosioms erdvėms (parkams ir pan.). Taip siekiama pagerinti žmonių nuotaiką, sukurtį žmonių ir aplinkos ryšį, pagerinti emocinę sveikatą kasdienėje aplinkoje (pvz. pakeliui į darbą). Urbanistinė akupunktūra - tai urbanistinė koncepcija, kuri apjungia šiuolaikines aplinkos formavimo priemones ir alternatyvų kinų gydymo metodą - akupunktūrą. Ši teorija yra paremta idėja, kad miestas - tai gyvas organizmas, kuris gali būti atgaivintas nedideliais taškiniais architektūros ar kraštovaizdžio architektūros sprendimais kruopščiai parinktose urbanistinio audinio vietose. Straipsnyje analizuojamos istorinės sveiko miesto sampratos ištakos, aptariama šiuolaikinio miesto dykrų problematika, pateikiami jų konversijos į ekologines žaliąsias zonas užsienio pavyzdžiai, atitinkantys pagrindinius urbanistinės akupunktūros principus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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