The Security Apparatus, Federal Magistrate Courts, and Detention Centers as Simulacra: The Effects of Trump's Zero Tolerance Policy on Migrants and Refugees in the Rio Grande Valley.

UNITED States. Dept. of Homeland Security; DETENTION facilities; REFUGEES; FEDERAL courts; IMMIGRANTS; AMERICAN attitudes; MISDEMEANORS; ENVIRONMENTAL refugees

Trump's Department of Homeland Security implemented the Zero Tolerance policy from April 6 to June 24, 2018. Refugees, prevented from crossing the midpoints of bridges by Customs and Border Protection agents, crossed the Rio Grande to ask for asylum, were denied, and forced to cross at places deemed illegal by law. This resulted in misdemeanor violations for unlawful entry and fleeing immigration checkpoints. The policy initiative centered on the separation of children from their migrant parents—refugees fleeing from the northern triangle countries: El Salvador, Honduras, and Guatemala. Adult migrants were sent to prisons and holding facilities, brought before a magistrate to plead guilty, and were deported while their children were placed in government‐funded privately‐owned detention centers. Migrants contend with a security apparatus comprised of border walls, zones of surveillance, agents, and paramilitary troops. This article analyzes the United States (in)security system using Baudrillard's concept of simulacrum supplemented by Foucault's dispositif and Agamben's apparatuses. Related Articles: Byrne, Jennifer, and Gregory C. Dixon. 2013. "Reevaluating American Attitudes toward Immigrants in the Twenty‐First Century: The Role of a Multicreedal National Identity." Politics & Policy 41 (1): 83‐116. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12002 Duman, Yoav H. 2014. "Reducing the Fog? Immigrant Regularization and the State." Politics & Policy 42 (2): 187‐220. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12065 Silverman, Stephanie J. 2012. "'Regrettable but Necessary?' A Historical and Theoretical Study of the Rise of the U.K. Immigration Detention Estate and its Opposition." Politics & Policy 40 (6): 1131‐1157. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2012.00393.x [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El aparato de seguridad, los tribunales de magistrados federales y los centros de detención como simulacros: los efectos de la política de tolerancia cero de Trump en los migrantes y refugiados en el Valle del Río Grande El DHS de Trump implementó la política de Tolerancia Cero del 6 de abril al 24 de junio de 2018. Los refugiados, que los agentes de Aduanas y Protección Fronteriza impidieron que cruzaran los puntos medios de los puentes, cruzaron el Río Bravo para pedir asilo, fueron denegados y fueron obligados a cruzar en los lugares considerados ilegal por ley. Estas acciones resultaron en infracciones menores por entrada ilegal y huir de los puntos de control de inmigración. La iniciativa política se centró en la separación de los niños de sus padres migrantes, refugiados que huían de los países del triángulo norte: El Salvador, Honduras y Guatemala. Los inmigrantes adultos fueron enviados a cárceles y centros de detención, llevados ante un magistrado para declararse culpable y deportados mientras sus hijos fueron colocados en centros de detención privados financiados por el gobierno. Los migrantes se enfrentan a un aparato de seguridad compuesto por muros fronterizos, zonas de vigilancia, agentes y tropas paramilitares. Este artículo analiza el sistema de seguridad de EE. UU. (In) utilizando el concepto de simulacro de Baudrillard complementado por el dispositivo de Foucault y los aparatos de Agamben. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

安全部署、联邦地方法院和拘留中心所扮演的拟像：特朗普的零容忍政策对里奥格兰德山谷地区的移民和难民所产生的效果: 特朗普政府的国土安全部在2018年4月6日至6月24日期间实行了"零容忍"政策。海关与边境保护官员防止难民通过桥梁的中间点，后者继而穿过里奥格兰德山谷以寻求庇护，但却遭到拒绝，并被强制穿过非法地区。这一系列行为导致了非法入境和逃离移民检查点等轻度犯罪。该政策倡议的重点是将儿童与其移民父母分离，后者作为难民逃离北部三个国家：萨尔瓦多、洪都拉斯和危地马拉。成年移民被送往监狱和拘留所，他们被带到地方法院认罪，并被驱逐处境，儿童则被安置在由政府出资的私有拘留中心。移民挣扎在一个由边境墙、监控区、官员和准军事军队组成的安全部署区。本文使用以鲍德里亚的拟像概念为主，福柯的dispositif机制、阿甘本的部署（apparatus）理论为辅，分析了美国（不）安全体系。 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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