女子大学生の子育て意識の差 ―日本，アメリカ合衆国，インドネシア... (Japanese)

Comparison of attitudes toward childrearing among female college students in Japan, the United States, and Indonesia. (English)

INDONESIA; JAPAN; UNITED States

Purpose The aim of this study was to compare attitudes toward childrearing among female college students in Japan, the United States, and Indonesia. Methods Survey questionnaires were distributed to samples of students in these three countries between December 2015, and April 2016. The questionnaires included the following: eleven questions on childrearing (a four-point Likert scale), their desirable educational policy, and their demographic characteristics. A Mann-Whitney U test, chi-squared test and Spearman correlation analysis were used to analyze the data. Results A total of 474 female students (185 Japanese, 101 Americans, and 188 Indonesians) completed the questionnaires. Most of the participants responded that they wanted to have children in the future. In addition, respondents from all countries expressed their belief in gender equality in education. Some differences were also found. While more than 99.0% of both American students and Indonesian students believed that children should receive the highest level of education possible, 66.1% of Japanese students respond in the same way (p<0.01). Oppositely, 30.6% of Japanese students answered, "Somewhat Disagree", and 3.3% of them answered "Disagree". In addition, a larger percentage of Japanese students viewed that "the childbearing was a woman's job" at 31.4% in contrast to 28.0% of American students and 20.7% among Indonesian students. The difference between Japanese students and Indonesian students was especially large and statistically significant (p<0.05). Large portions of the Japanese students (67.6%) and Indonesian students (75.0%) believed that the roles of the father and mother in childrearing were different while significantly smaller portion (25.0%) of American students held the same view (p<0.01). Regarding child custody, 54.1% of Japanese students and 72.2% of Indonesian students agreed to the statement "child custody should be given to mothers if children are young in the event of a divorce" where a significant difference was observed in a much smaller portion (19.0%) of American students agreeing to this statement (p<0.01). Conclusion While Japanese students believed in gender equality regarding children's education and career paths, they believed in appropriateness of gender specific tasks in parenting which was reflected in their agreement to the statement, "young children should be raised by the mothers." In addition, for the Japanese college students, high cost of education appears to be a potential significant barrier to parenting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

目　的 日本，アメリカ，インドネシアの女子大学生の子育て意識を比較することで，日本の女子大学生の特 徴を明らかする。 対象と方法 2015年12月から2016年4月にかけて，日本，アメリカ，インドネシアの女子大学生を対象に質問紙 調査を実施した。調査内容は子供の教育・子育て役割など子育てを問う11項目（4件法）及び基本属性 から構成される。収集したデータの分析にMann-WhitneyのU検定，カイ二乗検定，Spearman相関分析 を用いた。 結　果 日本185名，アメリカ101名，インドネシア188名の計474名から回答を得られた。どの国の学生もそ のほとんどが子供を望んでおり，教育に男女の差をつけるべきではないと回答した。アメリカとインド ネシアの学生の99.0%以上は，子供にはできるだけ高い教育を受けさせるべきだと回答したが，日本の 学生の場合，そのように回答したものは66.1%であった（p<0.01）。反対に，「そう思わない」が3.3%， 「どちらかというとそう思わない」が30.6%で，合わせて33.9%は高い教育を受けさせるべきとは思って いなかった。また，日本の学生は，「子育ては女性の仕事である」と考える割合が31.4%で，アメリカの 学生（28.0%）やインドネシアの学生（20.7%）より高く，インドネシアの学生とは有意な差が見られた （p<0.05）。子育てにおける父親と母親の役割を別と考えている学生は，日本の場合67.6%，インドネシ アの場合75.0%であり，アメリカの学生（25.0%）と比べて有意に多かった（p<0.01）。親権については， 日本の学生（54.1%）とインドネシアの学生（72.2%）は，「子供が小さい場合，離婚後の親権は母親が持 つ方が良い」と回答し，アメリカの学生（19.0%）に比べると有意に多かった（p<0.01）。 結　論 日本の学生は，子供の教育や進路指導に関しては性別による差をつけるべきではないと考えているが， 「幼い子供は母親が育てるべき」など子育てに関しては性別による役割の差があると考えていた。また日 本の学生にとって，子供にかかる高い教育費が子育てをするうえでバリアとなる可能性が推察された。 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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