Autism Spectrum Disorder Among US Children (2002-2010): Socioeconomic, Racial, and Ethnic Disparities.

AUTISM spectrum disorders in children; SOCIOECONOMIC factors; RACIAL differences; ETHNIC differences; PUBLIC health; TWENTY-first century; 21ST century economics; DISEASE risk factors; SOCIAL conditions of children; AUTISM; BLACK people; CONFIDENCE intervals; EPIDEMIOLOGICAL research; HISPANIC Americans; INCOME; POVERTY; RACE; WHITE people; STATISTICAL significance; CHILDREN

Objectives. To describe the association between indicators of socioeconomic status (SES) and the prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in the United States during the period 2002 to 2010, when overall ASD prevalence among children more than doubled, and to determine whether SES disparities account for ongoing racial and ethnic disparities in ASD prevalence. Methods. We computed ASD prevalence and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) from population-based surveillance, census, and survey data. We defined SES categories by using area-level education, income, and poverty indicators. We ascertained ASD in 13 396 of 1 308 641 8-year-old children under surveillance. Results. The prevalence of ASD increased with increasing SES during each surveillance year amongWhite, Black, and Hispanic children. The prevalence difference between highand low-SES groups was relatively constant over time (3.9/1000 [95% CI = 3.3, 4.5] in 2002 and 4.1/1000 [95% CI = 3.6, 4.6] in the period 2006-2010). Significant racial/ethnic differences in ASD prevalence remained after stratification by SES. Conclusions. A positive SES gradient in ASD prevalence according to US surveillance data prevailed between 2002 and 2010, and racial and ethnic disparities in prevalence persisted during this time among low-SES children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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