PRECURSORS TO RED RUBBER: VIOLENCE IN THE CONGO FREE STATE, 1885-1895.

The article discusses the colonial history of the Congo Free State (CFS) during the reign of Belgian King Leopold II, focusing particularly on the culture of violence fostered in the country by its colonial administration. Topics include the historiography of the late 19th-century CFS, the anti-slavery stance of the CFS, racism, ethnic relations and politics, and trade routes.