Wastewater Disposal Wells, Fracking, and Environmental Injustice in Southern Texas.

SEWAGE disposal in the ground; INJECTION wells; HYDRAULIC fracturing; INDUSTRIAL pollution; SEWAGE & the environment; RACE; PEOPLE of color; WHITE people; POPULATION research; MINERAL industry statistics; CONFIDENCE intervals; MAPS; MINERAL industries; POISSON distribution; POPULATION geography; POVERTY; REGRESSION analysis; RESEARCH funding; RURAL population; SOCIAL justice; DATA analysis software; DESCRIPTIVE statistics; ODDS ratio

SOUTH Texas; EAGLE Ford Shale; TEXAS; UNITED States

Objectives. To investigate race and poverty in areas where oil and gas wastewater disposal wells, which are used to permanently inject wastewater from hydraulic fracturing (fracking) operations, are permitted. Methods. With location data of oil and gas disposal wells permitted between 2007 and 2014 in the Eagle Ford area, a region of intensive fracking in southern Texas, we analyzed the racial composition of residents living less than 5 kilometers from a disposal well and those farther away, adjusting for rurality and poverty, using a Poisson regression. Results. The proportion of people of color living less than 5 kilometers from a disposal well was 1.3 times higher than was the proportion of non-Hispanic Whites. Adjusting for rurality, disposal wells were 2.04 times (95% confidence interval = 2.02,2.06) as common in areas with 80% people of color or more than in majority White areas. Disposal wells are also disproportionately sited in high-poverty areas. Conclusions. Wastewater disposal wells in southern Texas are disproportionately permitted in areas with higher proportions of people of color and residents living in poverty, a pattern known as "environmental injustice." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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